Critical Analysis of Baby Steps toward Tighter Money in China Article Essay

Basic Analysis of Baby Steps toward Tighter Money in China Article - Essay Example As indicated by Silk, compelling loaning may really fit the specialists goal of driving the economy towards utilization drove development rather than a venture driven model, however it may not be a simple undertaking all things considered (Web). He contends that the activity by the national bank may accomplish more damage to the effectively shaken economy which was steamed at genuine money crunch not long ago. The People’s Bank of China appears to have number clarifications to be increasingly forceful remembering the normal ascent for Consumer cost swelling which was 3.1% and climbing house costs which were 8.2% in September. Additionally, the U.S is likewise siphoning progressively capital in China as a method of keeping her (U.S) monetary upgrade set up and this may truly elevate expansion in China. It is in this manner significant for the PBOC to pull out these money from her frameworks as a method of controlling her economy. In any case, Silk contends that fortunately Chin a is a developing economy and along these lines it might persevere through the financial test right now than prior in the year (Web). The People’s Bank of China sapped 58 billion Yuan from her interbank showcase therefore making the seven days switch repo rate go up by 4.7%. It at long last prompted a slackening of liquidity and the move was deciphered by some market analyst as a method of facilitating loaning. Move to control the rising obligation by the PBOC has had a few impacts remembering increasing for loan costs and tumbling of securities exchanges. Obligation has encountered a fast development which incredibly meddled with social financing just as exceptional borrowings by the two organizations and family units which truly stresses the economy. In any case, there is a blended response from the hopeful people and the worry warts of the administration move to control obligation (Silk Web). The way that PBOC ought to ingrain progressively adjusted loaning is without a do ubt exceptionally astute however the inquiry waiting is the profundity of the control. All things considered, this article calls attention to that one of the tests confronting developing China’s economy, albeit a couple are prevalently lethal.â â

Globalization and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Globalization and Culture - Essay Example As I would like to think, globalization is a modernizing power than can sustain nearby societies and permit them to spread over the world. Globalization isn't a destroyer of neighborhood societies and customs. It is an open door for nearby, local, and ethnic societies and customs to spread and develop. Attributable to social globalization, multifaceted contacts have essentially expanded. These connections have formed the world to be what it is today. For instance, religion might be viewed as a social practice. On that note, religions, for example, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam all started in explicit spots of the world (Fu and Chiu 637). Today, because of globalization, these religions are rehearsed in pretty much every edge of the world. These normal religions have been grasped and acknowledged by various individuals from everywhere throughout the world on account of globalization. Globalization has empowered the intersection of worldwide limits, accordingly, permitting culturally diverse contacts that have prompted the spread of these religions. This shows globalization isn't a destroyer of societies and conventions. It is, indeed, an advertiser of societies and customs (Fu and Chiu 638). Other social practices, for example, conventional music from Africa, for instance, have had the option to arrive at the Western world due to globalization. Globalization has permitted privately recorded music to contact crowds from everywhere throughout the world (Fu and Chiu 639). Additionally, Anglo-American popular music has had the option to spread wherever through mediums, for example, MTV. These social practices have not been wrecked. Truth be told, globalization has assisted with spreading them everywhere throughout the globe, and they are continually being acknowledged by an ever increasing number of individuals. Conventional recreational practices, for example, sports, games, and other relaxation exercises have likewise picked up prevalence in districts that they never used to be rehearsed. Football is a genuine model (Fu and Chiu 640). Language, being a piece of culture, has likewise profited by

Down to the Wire free essay sample

It was 12:30 p.m. furthermore, sweat was moving offmy temple. Encircled by a multitude of diskettes, notes and updates, Iworked frantically; I just had 10 minutes to put the completing toucheson a distribution thousands would peruse. This is a reflection ofmy administration aptitudes, yet in addition my capacity to fill the shoes of those whohad ruled as editorial manager before me. Our school paper, asunorganized and conflicting as it might be, was expected in the hands of ouradvisor in practically no time. Amidst conclusive cutoff time franticness, Irealized that none of the photos had been sponsored up. The danger ofan naive paper arriving on account of understudies, teachers,administrators and network pioneers incited nightmarish pictures offailure and shame. Time to do something amazing. I enrolled 20 staffmembers and, using each PC in the confused room, we openeddocuments, moved records and resized pictures at a rate previouslyunimagined. We were filled by unadulterated adrenaline. Only seconds beforedeadline, each image, diagram, animation and chart had effectively beensaved. We will compose a custom paper test on Last possible minute or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I walked to my counselors work area, cautiously ensuring the plate Inow esteemed more than life itself. The paper was done. Id not onlykept my considerations and endeavors concentrated, however Id additionally kept up arelatively high solace level notwithstanding the hurry. I anticipatesimilar circumstances in school that will test my quality and endurance,forcing me to perform under tension. Consenting to willful ruleswill be a test, since I have carried on with a protected life under parentalcontrol. With the knowledge of my encounters, I hope to react to newobstacles in the equivalent gathered way. Difficult work, devotion andcommitment are a few exercises I have learned as proofreader in-boss. Asolution is consistently conceivable.

A Guide on How to Write an Argument Essay

A Guide on How to Write an Argument EssayThe fact that you are reading this article has probably convinced you to ask the question 'how to write an argument essay?' The process of writing such an essay is actually very easy once you learn the tools and tips that will enable you to make your writing style consistent and professional. The methods described in this article will help you become an argumentative essay writer.For one, develop good research skills. It doesn't matter if you are researching the current topic or one that has been studied for many years ago. Even if the topic has not been studied before, it is better to have enough knowledge of the topic in order to persuade your reader. It would be useless if you can't persuade them to the point where they may agree with you or find something to agree with you with.Think about the kind of a professional way you would like to express your viewpoint. Is it better to use the term frequently or the euphemism? How about the most po werful but also the most misleading word you can use? It is important to know how to write an argument essay using these two different styles to be able to reach your target audience.It is always good to think about the form in which you want to express your own opinion. You should not be biased when you express your view because this can affect your writing style. You should be able to use some words to emphasize the point you are trying to make. After all, this is the point of writing an argument essay.The best way to convey your point is to write it down as you normally would do. It would be easier to accomplish this if you write it down in a diary type of format. To be able to keep track of what you have written down, it would be better if you write it down right in front of you. There are many different ways you can do to approach the study of history. Writing an essay about some famous historical figure is the same as writing an essay about some artist or inventor who was well -known in his time. In both cases, there will be plenty of points to make.There are writers who can write essays by themselves but it would be better if you hire a professional essay writer to help you out. Aside from being able to convey your ideas and points, your essay writer will be able to come up with the proper format. He will also be able to come up with the perfect ending for your essay.It is never easy to write an essay in which you are trying to convince a person's opinion. It might be helpful if you search for expert opinions on this topic. It is necessary for you to have a guide in your method so that you can be assured that you are doing it the right way.

Love in Poems Essay -- Robert Browning Poetry Literature Essays

Love in Poems Robert Browning’s sonnet â€Å"My Last Duchess† depends on a genuine story about the fifth Duke of Ferrera in the Renaissance time frame. He wedded a 14-year-old named Lucrezia and afterward left her for a two-year time span. She kicked the bucket at 17 years old. In this sonnet, the Duke is currently searching for a second spouse to-be. Robert Browning is probably the best artist in the Victorian age. He composes sentimental sonnets and he communicates love in this sonnet as over the top. The poem’s rhyme plot is an, a, b, b. This is a sensational monolog. This is the sort of sonnet where there is just one speaker. In this sonnet it is the duke. At the very beginning of the sonnet, we are now given that the Duke is a glad man particularly with his craft assortments. â€Å"That’s my keep going duchess painted on the wall†, this statement reveals to us that he remembers his last spouse for his assortment. The â€Å"my† stresses the duke claiming his last duchess. By doing this, Robert Browning stresses the Duke needing power particularly over his last spouse. Her artistic creation is behind the divider now and the Duke demonstrates it to a not very many picked outsiders, â€Å"since none puts the window ornament I have drawn for you yet I†. The work of art was made by Fra Pandolf. The Duke is desirous by the way that the Duchess can become flushed by getting any commendations from just anybody. â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not her husband’s nearness only†¦into the Duchess’ cheek.† In this statement, the Duke never regarded his better half as an equivalent. Yet, he viewed himself as higher than her and he wouldn’t lower himself to mention to the duchess what she did that irritated him. He thinks the duchess has no pride by any means since she treats everyone similarly, â€Å"as in the event that she positioned my endowment of a 900 years of age name with anybody’s gift†. He needs the duchess for h... ...n needs the special lady to comprehend that it will never be a smart thought in the event that she will pass on a virgin. He is currently edgy to get her in bed. In the event that she passes on a virgin, the man’s â€Å"lust† will simply go to remains. The last piece of the sonnet utilizes a more enthusiastic language and essentially gives the fancy woman an additionally engaging thought if the man has intercourse to the special lady. The entire of the third part is portraying how the man feels about creation love to the special lady. Andrew utilizes likenesses â€Å"like morning dew† to look at the â€Å"youthful hue† of his fancy woman and â€Å"like affectionate flying creatures of prey† to portray the manner by which they ought to do the demonstration of having intercourse. Essentially, this part has more influence than different parts. It is like â€Å"The Beggar Woman† on the grounds that it speaks to physical love. In any case, we will can't be sure whether the lady concurs with the man. We are left to choose for ourselves.

Letters of Recommendation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Letters of Recommendation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Many applicants recently have asked about the “ideal” combination of recommendation letters.   There is no real ideal combination, it really depends on the applicant; however let me elaborate a bit on the subject. Recommendation letters should come from one of two sources: academic or professional.   In other words, from individuals who have supervised you in the classroom or in the work place.   “Work place” is a broad term.   The work place could include internships, volunteer work, or paid full-time work.   Sometimes unpaid work is much more in alignment with an applicant’s goals and if you are choosing to do something and not get paid for it, this shows a great deal of dedication and commitment. Since SIPA is a professional school it makes sense that we would like to see at least one professional letter of recommendation.   The only combination we really do not recommend is three academic letters of recommendation.   An applicant that submits three academic letters is basically telling us that there is no one from the professional world that can comment on their ability and qualifications for graduate school. Beyond this advice, any combination will do.   If you have been out of school for several years, do not feel compelled to go back and get a letter of recommendation from a professor who did not really know you or that you have not been in contact with.   We would much rather receive letters from those that know you and that you have been in contact with in some capacity.   If you had fabulous relationships with a few professors two letters of recommendation from professors is fine. It is really up to you.   When it comes down to it what we are really looking for is a letter than not only addresses your character, but that addresses you potential to succeed in our program.   This is best accomplished in examples.   When you talk with those writing letters for you, please tell them to include examples of your competence.   It is one thing to say that someone is smart and capable; it is another to provide solid examples of intelligence and ability in the work place or in the classroom.   Be sure that you speak with those writing letters on your behalf and clarify this point.

Alcoholism in The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne - Literature Essay Samples

In the novel The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne, Brian Moore closely examines the theme of alcoholism and its effect on the protagonist Judith Hearne. Moore highlights Hearnes loneliness in the novel, which appears to be the source of her alcoholism. Although Moore seems to address Hearnes addiction to alcohol as a psychological problem, he hints that her alcoholism is also a physiological disease. Although Hearne starts drinking in order to sooth her cough, she uses alcohol to escape from her emotional problems afterward, as alcohol can cheer her up and make her feel better. It seems that her drinking problem is merely a mental problem, but we then see her suffering from withdrawal symptoms, which shows that she cannot function normally without alcohol (Milam and Ketcham 66). Since Moore presents Hearnes alcohol problem as both physiological and psychological, he creates a feeling of realism in the novel. Thus, the depiction of alcoholism in The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne is c omplete and realistic. In the beginning, Hearne starts drinking because alcohol can relieve the pain that she suffers from bronchitis. The role of alcohol for her, however, changes gradually; although she still thinks that her use of alcohol is medicinal (115), she uses it to escape from her problems in life. She says, It made sad things seem funny, and if you were feeling down at the mouth, or a little lonely, there was nothing like it for cheering you up (114). Without a family, friends, and a man, she feels lonely and dissatisfied with life. She thinks that the reasons for her unhappiness and loneliness are beyond her control, as her youth has already passed away and she will not be able to get married now. She feels sad because her dream in the past of getting married to Mr. Right has now proven to be unrealistic, and so she says, I need something to cheer me up (114). Since alcohol can alter her mood and make her see problems through another view, she overdoes her drinking so t hat she will be fully under its influence. Although Hearne still uses alcohol to ease her pain, she mainly uses it to solve her emotional problems and make her feel less lonely. Since alcohol can make Hearne feel better, she uses it excessively to cheer herself up when problems come along. When Mr. Madden appears in her life, she thinks that her dream of getting married will finally come true. Hearne thinks that Mr. Madden is the perfect man for her, as she thinks that he knows a lot about life since he owns a hotel in America. She starts dreaming that she will marry to him and they will live in New York City together. Yet, when she discovers that Mr. Madden is only a doorman from her landlady, Mrs. Rice, she feels insulted and ashamed, as she thinks that her deceased aunt would think that he is too common for her. Moore skillfully uses the third person limited narration in describing Hearnes inner struggle. He describes the imaginary conversation between Hearne and her aunt, and th at Hearne is trying to defend herself by saying, Yes, and whats wrong with that [marrying Mr. Madden even though he is only a doorman] (97). She tries to convince herself that she is right; yet, the more she thinks about it, the more she feels confused and nervous. So she decides to use alcohol to calm herself down at the end. Moore ends up this scene with, Warmed, relaxed, her own and only mistress, she reached for and poured a tumbler full of drink (99). This description of Hearnes feeling after she drinks clearly shows that she uses alcohol to solve her emotional problems. Another example is the scene when Hearne visits Moira after Mr. Madden rejects her. The first time Hearne gets rejected by Mr. Madden, she goes to talk to Moira and Moira offers her a Sherry. She says, I need it, Im upset, Ive had a very upsetting day (146). Also, after Mr. Madden turns her down the second time, she tells Moira, Youve got daydreams instead and you want to hold on to them. And you cant. So you t ake a drink to help them along, to cheer you up (200). These two scenes clearly show that Hearne drinks because it helps her to forget the reality that she is living in so that she would feel better about her life. Although Moore seems to highlight Hearnes emotional problems as the main factor that is responsible for her drinking problem, he implies that she also suffers from alcoholism. In Under the Influence Dr. Milam says, At every stage the disease itself prevents the alcoholic from realizing that he is addicted to alcohol (95). Moore chooses to use the third person limited narration in describing Hearnes inner thoughts about her use of alcohol. In this manner, he portrays Hearne as a victim of alcoholism, which implies that alcoholism is a physiological disease as well as a psychological problem. The excerpt presented below shows that Hearne denies the fact that she is an alcoholic. It also shows how Moore uses the narrative voice to elucidate Hearnes inner thoughts about her a lcoholism to the readers: She did not drink to put aside the dangers and disappointments of the moment. She drank to be able to see these trials more philosophically, to examine them more fully, fortified by the stimulant of unreason. (107) Besides excusing herself from drinking excessively, Hearne also thinks that she has control over alcohol with her willpower. For example, after she discovers that Mr. Madden was actually a doorman, she uses alcohol in order to help herself calm down. She says, I must have something to stop it (the cough), something to stop it, to cut the phlegm. I must. Just a little one, it wont be more, I promise Thee, O Scared Heart (98). Despite the promise she makes, she finishes the whole bottle and gets very drunk. Again, this shows her denial of being an alcoholic and also implies that she thinks she can control her consumption of alcohol. As the events of the novel proceed, it becomes obvious that Hearne is indeed an alcoholic. Moore uses the third perso n narration to describe her different stages of alcoholism. After Hearne gets drunk the first time after she has stopped drinking excessively for six months, the narrator describes the scene when she first starts drinking tonic wine with Edie. This scene illustrates her consumption of alcohol increasing: she first drinks a bottle of tonic wine with someone, and then she starts drinking a big bottle of whiskey all by herself. According to Dr. Milam, tolerance of alcohol is caused by, physiological changes which occur primarily in the liver and central nervous system (Milam and Ketcham 56). In other words, Hearnes improved ability to tolerate large amounts of alcohol is because she is responding to the physiological changes that are inside her (Milam and Ketcham 57). Later in the novel, she also suffers from the withdrawal syndrome, a disruption in the brains chemical and electrical activity of the alcoholics body after she stops drinking (Milam and Ketcham 64-65). After drinking for the whole day and then not for several hours, Hearne feels nauseated, weak, nervous, and she does not even know she was singing the whole time when she was drunk. These are all symptoms of the early and middle-stage alcoholic experiencing the withdrawal syndrome, which also shows that she now depends on alcohol in order to function. Her symptoms of withdrawal become more severe after she is forced to leave her room in Camden Street, as she drinks even more excessively since then. She experiences a hallucination in church, which according to Dr. Milam, is a later withdrawal symptom an alcoholic would suffer when drinking heavily for long periods of time and then stopping. Hearnes behavior after she drinks excessively presents the reader the image of an alcoholic that is described by Dr. Milam. Although Moore suggests that she drinks mainly because of her emotional and mental problems, he also suggests views of alcoholism that are similar to Dr. Milams. For example, Hearne experiences different stages of alcoholism, such as only experiencing a hallucination at the later stage of alcoholism. Hence, Hearnes cause of alcoholism is not only because she lacks the willpower to stop drinking, but also because the disease itself prevents her from stopping. Moores choice of depicting Hearnes alcoholism as both emotional and physiological problems brings a more complete and realistic image of the nature of this disease, as opposed just presenting one or the other. The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne is an excellent example of illustrating how literature can present the devastation of a disease without directly telling the facts and the nature of the disease. While a factual book of alcoholism tells us the realities of the disease through scientific research and statistics, a piece of literature, just like The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne, can convey the same message more powerfully. Literature can arouse our sentimental feelings toward the character, thus making us awa re of the disease on an emotional level.Works Cited James R. Milam, Ph.D., and Katherine Ketcham. Under the Influence-A Guide to the Myths and Realities of Alcoholism. Bantam edition. New York City: Bantam Books, 1983. Brian Moore. The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne. 2nd American edition. Boston: An Atlantic Monthly Press Book, 1955.

Organizational Management and Operations Paper - 1316 Words

Organizational Management And Operations Paper Team A University of phoenix CJA 484 Dwayne Carr April 27, 2015 Organizational Management and Operations Paper While the criminal justice system can be viewed as on whole entity, there are different levels of organization. Within these different organizational levels comes varying degrees of functionality. The three organizational levels include local, state, and federal police functions. Each of which are responsible for certain aspects pertaining to the criminal justice organization. As the organizational levels progress, the functionality and responsibility of each grows. Each level has a little more power than the one†¦show more content†¦Unlike municipal police agencies, state police are responsible for mainly enforcing the laws on highways outside of communities Take the California Highway Patrol these officers assist motorists, clear traffic scene, help aid in emergency situations, and also sometimes help aid local law enforcement agencies in apprehending suspects. State police officers are also responsible for crimes that do not fall under local jurisdiction of other agencies . Jurisdiction can be one road between two towns or in-between a major highway (Reid, 2014). State police are the backbone of the major highways that connect towns and cities and local police work within those towns and cities to support the law. So what to federal police do? Federal police are several agencies working to together to combat crime that affects the country as a whole. Federal police function to enforce the United States Code. For example federal police assist with interstate commerce issues, interstate criminal activities, terrorism, international crimes, and assist state and local police also. Unlike state agencies federal law enforcement is less likely to respond to a highway traffic accident. Unlike local agencies federal police are not going to enforce local municipal codes on disturbing the peace. 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The First Airborne Jamming Test - 877 Words

These developments in radar prompted experiments to find whether or not ITS transmission could be denied or defeated. The first airborne jamming test took place in London and involved a continuous wave transmitter. Following this test, anti-jamming systems were attached to the direction finding systems which then evolved into the Chain Home radar system along the eastern coast of the U.K. These anti-jamming systems were the first examples of electronic counter counter-measures which is now a sub-category of electronic warfare called electronic protection. (price 9-10). The United States conducted similar experiments and prior to entering the Second World War, the United States Navy possessed radar, high frequency direction finding systems and anti-jamming devices. Throughout the year of 1940, the Germans and the British conducted a series of back and forth electronic attacks and counterattacks AFFECTING the German’s ability to bomb Britain during the night with low visibility. The German’s employed various radio-technologies to acquire night-bombing capabilities where they could intersect two transmitted radio-waves that followed the correct flight path in order to ensure the German pilots could maintain a continuous course. The German’s even used the British’s own Chain Home defense as reference points during this evolution. The UK would continually modify their systems and employ electronic warfare tactics to jam the German’s beams. The British continued to modifyShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Airasia Berhad5862 Words   |  24 Pagesprovision of air transportation services to find marketing opportunity more effectively, understand the needs and wants of each target segment. AirAsia is the Malaysia s second international airline, they had also been regconised as the Asia s first low-cost airline (RIDING THE BOOM IN LOW-COST TRAVEL, 2010). Their main target segment is the people unable to afford the flight ticket. The competition in this market is very fierce. The company recorded a profit of MYR1,157.7 million in fiscal 2012Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesKombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company 15 Wynn Computer Equipment (WCE) 17 The Reluctant Workers 20 Hyten Corporation 22 Macon, Inc. 35 Continental Computer Corporation 37 Goshe Corporation 43 Acorn Industries 49 MIS Project Management at First National Bank Cordova Research Group 70 Cortez Plastics 71 L. P. Manning Corporation 72 Project Firecracker 74 56 CONTENTS Phillip Condit and Boeing 777: From Design and Development to Production and Sales 81 AMP of Canada (A) 105 AMP ofRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pages229 234 237 243 248 251 254 256 259 261 265 272 278 285 290 302 Page 2 / 389  © Copyright 1999-2012 ArmyStudyGuide.com Version 5.3 The Army Plan ...................................... Land Navigation / Map Reading .......................... First Aid ........................................... Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear ................... Field Sanitation ...................................... Physical Security ..................................... Security and Intelligence

Profile Of A Positive Leader - 1124 Words

Profile of a Positive Leader – Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, addressed as ‘Bapu’ or ‘the father of the nation’ in India, was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar district, in the state of Gujarat. He is known to be one of the most influential leaders in the history. As a child, Gandhi was very curious and intelligent. As a result, he was accepted to study at the University College London where he successfully completed his degree in law and became a barrister. He then returned to India to begin his career, however, due to very little success, he accepted a job in South Africa with an Indian firm. Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa, which define his life. He became more mature as a person and developed lot of his political†¦show more content†¦Hence, he began campaigning for the rights of Indians, although, not all of his campaigns were successful. However, he gathered a lot of attention from the local Indian community. Resultantly, soon after he helped form an organization, â €˜The Natal Indian Congress’, in 1894. This was his first step towards leadership as, at this point, he had a good number of followers and had formed his own organization; this is how he became a leader. As the years went by, Gandhi went through several incidents and struggles in Africa, however, eventually he achieved his goal as blacks were given equal rights as white. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India and thereafter fought for the Independence of the country. He was invited to join the Indian National Congress party which was the largest political organization in India, and at this point Gandhi had attracted many Indian followers due to his influential work in South Africa for the local Indians. By 1920, Gandhi became the sole leader of the Indian National Congress organization and this was a crucial point in his life as a leader since, at this point, he was the leader of the whole nation. This point onwards, Gandhi’s true journey, as a leader, began as he is known for his fight for the Independence of India Gandhi possessed several qualities, some of which he developed through the course of his life and some which he introduced, such as non-violence, which people still follow. According

The Myth of American Manufacturing and the Growing Wealth Gap

The Myth of American Manufacturing and the Growing Wealth Gap Like some diseased snake chewing and spewing filth, writhing its way through the forest’s underbelly, the murky Rouge River cuts a dark path through the greater Detroit area providing power to dusty columns of derelict factories that, admittedly, need the cheap juice no longer. Turn back the clocks half a century, however, and a different scene emerges. The year is 1957 and a chrome-clad leviathan clangs its way down the assembly line in Ford’s Detroit River Rouge Complex. A 2,000 acre sprawl of chimneys and spires, the concrete behemoth that is the Rouge was once the largest industrial facility in the world (National Park Service). At its height the Rouge employed 100,000 hardy workers who could roll a new Crown Victoria or Skyliner off the line every 49 seconds (â€Å"The Henry Ford†). I find it hard to picture the sweat-beaded factory man whose hands clang away at that metal monstrosity limbering down the line. Physically his face is obvious of course—l eathery and rugged. But from my 21st century perspective, this blue-collar worker’s status in 1950s America seems bizarre. Completely integrated socially and politically. A card-carrying member of America’s middle class. In 1950 this man would have counted himself among the nearly 35 percent of Americans employed in manufacturing jobs, by far the largest sector that era (Halle and Romo). So—what happened? How did these manufacturing men die off? More importantly,Show MoreRelatedIs The American Dream Just A Myth? Essay2210 Words   |  9 Pages2016 Is the American Dream Just a Myth? Over the years this belief has changed its meaning to describe the United States as a land of equal opportunities. Through the American Dream, all men are equal to pursue their dreams and opportunities through hard work by being presented with an equal opportunity. This belief, therefore, means that if Americans work hard to achieve what they want, then they can get it. However, in the past few decades, the American Dream has grown to become a myth since AmericanRead MoreAmerican Dreams And The American Dream2042 Words   |  9 PagesEvery young American aspires to the American Dream. It is an innate American idealism, encountered by members of every level of society; however, most of all affected by this idealism are those who come from humble beginnings. Those who come from a below average income, the working-class, have much to gain from this American ambition. Sadly, aspirations are in jeopardy. 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Developed world d. ‘First World’ Read MoreBy Outlining the Current Global Political Economy, Discuss to What Extent the Current Global Political Economy Undermines National Development in the South.4509 Words   |  19 PagesEXPLANATION AND DEFINITION OF TERMS Political Economy Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, polities, hence political economy. In the late 19th century, the term economics cameRead MoreApush Chp17 Notes2924 Words   |  12 PagesCapital (Americans funding the economic expansion) * Technologies increasing productivity * Friendly gov policies (tariffs, land grants, loans) * Talented entrepreneurs A. 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Difficult Times Always Lead To Better Days Free Essays

Every cloud has a silver lining means that you should never feel hopeless because difficult times always lead to better days. Difficult times are like dark clouds that pass overhead and block the sun but after some time the cloud shines much brighter than previous time. Life is full of challenges and the longer we live, the more we face new events or challenges in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Difficult Times Always Lead To Better Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some pass easily and others not. So there are two kinds of people in this world; one who works hard and overcome the situation and the other are those who gives up rapidly. The world we live in is not perfect, and we will never ever find a world which is perfect in itself. Every day there will be things that make us cry or feel sad about ourselves. People who will stand in front of the difficulties which they face, they will be able to improve themselves and let their dreams come true. They are known as brave people and the entire world respect them. In contrast, there are people who watch their steps carefully, they study their books and do what their bosses, parents, or teachers tell them to do. But if they, for example, could not solve a math problem they will close their books and stop studying. Furthermore, if there is a problem between a husband and a wife, and this husband or wife is one of those people who give up easily, they may get divorced from the first difficulty but if they stand against the problem and face that problem, it may possible that they will win the situation. How to cite Difficult Times Always Lead To Better Days, Essays

Helen Hunt Jackson And Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Helen Hunt Jackson And Essay, Research Paper Helen Hunt Jackson and The Campaign for Ponca Restitution, 1880-1881 by Rosina Villarreal Writer, poet ; born in Amherst, Mass. She was schooled briefly in Massachusetts and New York City, and was a neighbour and good friend of Emily Dickinson. She married Edward Hunt ( 1852 ) . Following his decease ( 1863 ) , she turned to composing poesy, narratives, and essays. She married William Jackson ( 1875 ) and they settled in Colorado Springs, Colo. She is best known for her fresh Ramona ( 1884 ) , an indictment of the U.S. authorities # 8217 ; s intervention of Native Americans. I didn # 8217 ; t even cognize she existed much less she was so willing to assist the Ponca Indian. But I can believe the abuses from our Government onto the Ponca Indians, but why did they the American Government allow the Sioux Indians to assail the Ponca Indian # 8217 ; s. It pains me to read this article. Our Government was behind so many Indians deceases. We will write a custom essay sample on Helen Hunt Jackson And Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wouldn # 8217 ; t this be considered a Holocaust in the place forepart? Helen Hunt Jackson started her battle with merely columns and shortly realized it was non plenty. Something more must be done. Jackson wrote a great book based on an Indian miss by the name of Ramona to name attending to the predicament of the Mission Indians. Ramona is the narrative of an orphan, the kid of a shred vitamin E male parent and an Indian female parent, who is raised by a Foster female parent, Se? ora Gonzago Moreno, but kept ignorant of the fact of her parenthood. She falls in love with an Indian, a shepherd, named Alessandro. Se? ora Moreno, who hates Indians, tries to maintain the two apart, but they elope and are married by Father Gaspara on San Diego. Ramona must travel to populate with Alessandro’s people. Standing Bear and his people we treated so severely. When Standing bear went to take the organic structure of his boy place and was arrested what were these white people believing. I # 8217 ; m glad Nebraska Citizens established Omaha Committee on their defence. For whatever ground they did it for whether it is acknowledgment or merely because they felt it was incorrect or in the suggestion of General Cook the determination of Standing Bear V Crook declared Indian as a legal individual. It was upset to believe Indians had to be ruled foremost as a legal people. Black people had to be given right every bit good. The white common people have ever placed themselves a measure over all other nationality. Always seeking to put people in classs them and us. It took one individual with merely composing letters to the editor to do such a alteration. This should animate us that one voice is adequate and people do listen. The Ponca would of neer seen the extra support that was truly there # 8217 ; s sing the lost lives and the doomed of their place lands.

An Insight into the Bureau of Alcohol free essay sample

Following Its formation, the TAFT changed Its name to encompass its responsibilities, ending anally as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives after President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 in regards to the 9/1 1 attacks. This act also shifted the TAFT from the Treasury department to the Justice department and gave the organization Jurisdiction over all explosive related occurrences. The name of the organization makes it obvious that it is comprised of three divisions: alcohol and tobacco, firearms, and explosives. The TAFT oversees almost all of the actions that coincide with their dullness. Its responsibilities Include: he Investigation and prevention of federal offenses Involving the unlawful use, manufacture, and possession of firearms and explosives, acts of arson and bombings, and illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. Additionally, with licensing, the TAFT regulates: the sales, possession, and transportation of firearms, ammunition, and explosives in interstate commerce (TAFT, 1). We will write a custom essay sample on An Insight into the Bureau of Alcohol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From all of its duties we can see that the organization has a significant impact on the united States economy.Whether It Is the regulation of the sales and distribution of tobacco, alcohol and firearms, or the retention from harm we can see the economy alter In response to the actions of this organization. Critics argue both ways concerning the Tufts actions. The TAFT has made some decisions that have benefited the economy, while at the same time they have made some that have stirred controversy. All three of the Tufts divisions are influential in united States economic affairs. The first of which is the alcohol and tobacco division.This divisions main focus Is to prevent illicit activity dealing with alcohol and tobacco. This Dillon Is seen to have the most noticeable Impact on the economy due to the magnitude of the distribution of tobacco and alcohol within the united States. The second division focuses entirely on firearms in hopes of reducing the amount of crime that involve the use of a firearm. The firearm division is very busy, with the rising number of gun-related deaths in the United States, the division must solve a number a complex problems.The third and final division deals with arson and explosives. This Dillon enforces the Federal laws and regulations regarding explosives and arson. Together these dullness work to prevent terrorism, educe violent crime, and protect our Nation. Just as with the firearm division, this division is seeing an increased level of activity due to the rising issue of terrorism occurring within the United States. Following the attacks of 9/1 1 the masses became more aware of the dangers that a terrorist can inflict upon a nation.The TAFT now has the responsibility of helping to provide a safer future for many (TAFT, 1). And eliminate criminal and terrorist organizations by identifying, investigating and arresting offenders who traffic in contraband cigarettes and illegal liquor. In order to o this they conduct financial investigations to seize and deny access to assets and funds utilized by criminal enterprises and terrorist organizations. By stopping the flow of illegal alcohol and tobacco the TAFT significantly reduces tax revenue losses to the United States.The alcohol and tobacco division also influences the economy by preventing criminal encroachment of the legitimate alcohol and tobacco industries by organizations trafficking in counterfeit or contraband cigarettes and illegal liquor. This creates more business for the alcohol and tobacco industries of the United States. The bureau also assists local, state, and other Federal law enforcement and tax agencies to make sure that the trafficking of illegal alcohol and tobacco is thoroughly monitored on all levels of government (TAFT, 1).The bureau has also decreased tax revenue loss to the United States by regulating online cigarette sales. The passing of the Jenkins Act has played a crucial part in the monitoring of online cigarette sales. The Jenkins Act requires any person who sells and ships cigarettes across a state line to a buyer, other than a licensed distri butor, o report the sale to the buyers state tobacco tax administrator. The act establishes misdemeanors penalties for violation. Compliance with this federal law by cigarette sellers enables states to collect cigarette excise taxes from consumers.However, some state and federal officials are concerned that as internet cigarette sales continue to grow, particularly as states cigarette taxes increase, so will the amount of lost state tax revenue due to noncompliance with the Jenkins Act (Wisped, 6). The second division of the bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives eels with firearms. The Bureau is responsible for regulating firearm commerce in the United States. The TAFT also recognizes the role that firearms play in violent crimes and pursues an integrated regulatory and enforcement strategy.Enforcement strategies focus on armed violent offenders and career criminals, narcotics traffickers, Marco-terrorists, violent gangs, and domestic and international arms traffickers (TAFT, 1). One of the main actions of the TAFT right now is concentrating its energies on prosecuting previously convicted felons who have been discovered with weapons (Tract, 4). By cutting down on the international flow of illegal weapons into the United States, the TAFT creates legal business for people who cannot illegally obtain a firearm, but have premises for conducting business or collecting firearms, by issuing Federal Firearms Licenses.The Bureau issues these Federal Firearms Licenses (FL) to sellers, and conducts firearms licensee inspections. A Federal Firearms License is a license that enables an individual or a company to engage in a business pertaining to the manufacture of firearms and ammunition or the interstate and intrastate sale of firearms. The business to be conducted under the license can not be prohibited by State or local law in the place where the licensed premise is located (Wisped, 6). Application fees also apply for a Federal Firearms License. Basic fees range fro m $30 for a collectors license to $250 for a manufacturers license of firearms. Application fees for destructive devices can be up to $3,000, which is surely beneficial to the economy (Wisped, 6). Additional fees also apply for renewal of any Federal Firearms License. The third division of the TAFT focuses on arson and Federal laws and regulations regarding arson and explosives. They use many methods to regulate arson and explosives in the United States. One such method the TAFT uses is a canine unit. The bureaus explosives detection canine unit has been conditioned to detect explosives, explosives residue, and post blast evidence.They can also detect firearms and ammunition hidden in containers and vehicles, on persons and buried underground (TAFT, 1). With the assistance of support systems such as the National Response Team, Explosives Technology Branch, TAFT Laboratories, Certified Explosives Specialists, and the TAFT Firearms Branch and Tracing Center, the TAFT canine program is producing a viable tool to assist law enforcement with their war on violent crime. Another method used by the explosives division of the TAFT is the Bomb Arson Tracking System, or BATS. The purpose of BATS is to develop a comprehensive incident based information sharing system.For the first time, law enforcement agencies and investigators of national arson and explosives related incidents were able to share real-time information in a nationally secure system. BATS is solely dedicated to fire and post-blast incidents and also offers members of the Bomb Squad community the ability to see real-time data about improvised explosive and incendiary devices that are used throughout the country (TAFT, 1). These methods not only protect the public and reduce viol ent crime, but they contribute to a stable economy. A threat to the public can also be a threat to the economy, as we have seen in the past. The World Trade Center disaster in 2001, not only claimed many American lives, but also devastated the American economy. The destruction of the World Trade Centers made some companies cease to exist. This occurrence created a large number of problems concerning the trade flow. By preventing other similar acts the TAFT looks over the welfare of the American public and the American economy. One TAFT attribute that deserves special recognition is its system of laboratories. This idea of TAFT laboratories dates back to the development of the TAFT itself in 1886.The labs provide an extensive amount of support for the divisions. It is made up of 100 professionals working in four laboratories in three cities. Each lab provides an extensive amount of services. Theses services include: alcohol and tobacco, arson, explosives, trace evidence comparisons, questioned document examination, fingerprint examination, firearm and toolmaker examination, fire research laboratory, automated ballistic identification, national response team, training, research and customer service. Many groundbreaking events have occurred in these labs.Two of them include when: in 1975 an ink dating technique was developed to detect fraudulent written documents, and in 1998 when the TAFT deployed their first mobile laboratory, which was designed to allow examination of evidence at the scene of a fire or explosion. In the fiscal year of 2006 the laboratories have: analyzed 64 samples related to alcohol and tobacco diversion, processed 3086 forensic cases, spent 171 days providing expert testimony in the courts, spent 242 days at crime scenes , and spent 371 days providing training to Federal, State and local investigators and examiners (TAFT, 1).Without the support of these laboratories, the TAFT would not be able to provide the level of service that it does today. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has done an exemplary Job with supporting the economy by minimizing crime. Throughout their existence they have shut down a very large firearm distributor, Elitists Gun Shop, after linking many of the sales to acts of violence. The TAFT traced about 2,300 firearms to Elitists between March 1, 2002, and March 7, 2007. Of those guns, 127 were linked to murder investigations, and 517 were part of inquiries into drug-related crimes.More than 90 percent of the guns were recovered in Louisiana (Hunter, 2). This seizure effected many aspects of the economy. A large amount of money was taken out of circulation, and criminal activity was decreased in many ways. Another example of the Tufts efforts in minimizing crime can be seen when they seized thousands of warheads for shoulder-fired anti-tank missiles and numerous high explosives in Roswell, NM, at David Haddam defense contracting company (New York Times, 3). This is a huge minimization of weapons off the streets. These warheads may have been the tools in some plot involving terrorism. They may have been used to blow up major buildings that keep the United States government running efficiently. There are many ways that these warheads could have damaged the United States economy, but with hem in government control due to the actions of the TAFT, no one has to worry. There are however, ways people see the TAFT as abusing the general welfare of the public by using ruthless action. Many people state that TAFT officials lie in court in order to either seize property, or put gun owners/distributors in Jail (WEEPING, 5). The most famous incident that spurred controversy regarding the TAFT is what is known as the Waco Siege. On February 28, 1993, the TAFT attempted to execute a search warrant at the Branch Deviant ranch at Mount Carmela, a property located nine miles east- reheats of Waco, Texas. An exchange of gunfire resulted in the deaths of four agents and six Davidson. After the initial raid, the TAFT came under heavy criticism for proceeding with their actions, despite being aware that the Davidson knew of the offensive and of the months-long surveillance of Mount Carmela.Some critics ask why the TAFT agents disregarded a direct invitation given months before the initial assault, in which a leader of the facility, David Shores spoke with the agents by phone and asked that they come talk with him about their concerns. Additionally, there is introverts over what the exact content of the original search warrants were (Wisped, 6). The researchers believe that the TAFT is a vital component in the pro tection and function ability of the United States economy. They see criticism pointed at the TAFT as minute in comparison to the good that the organization does. Alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives must all be monitored and dealt with because they are items that the masses deal with each day. If strict regulations and investigations were not carried out in regards to these issues much violence and economic instability would be present. The TAFT continues to grow in a direct relationship with technology. The better the technology that the TAFT has at its disposable, the more efficient their research and investigations will become.

Edgar Allan Poe/American gothic literature Essay Example

Edgar Allan Poe/American gothic literature Paper Gargoyles Supposed to ward off evil spirits and was considered the mascot of the gothic Considered the master of the gothic form Edgar Allan Poe Writers way of incorporating gothic Writers were peering into the darkness at the supernatural (evil) Writers way of incorporating romanticism Writers celebrated the beauties of nature (hope) Where did the Gothic Literary tradition came to be in part From the gothic architecture of the middle ages High stained-glass windows Were intended to inspire awe and fear in religious worships What did Gothic and romanticism spawn frkm The age of reasom Effect of war on gothic After the real horrors of the civil war, it got less popular Gothic comeback in south 20th century Edgar Allan Poe (early life) Born in Boston and 1of3 Poes parents Actors, dad left, mom died of tuberculosis John and Francis Allan Poes adopted parents in Richmond, VA University of Virginia he started there in 1826 but had to leave due to reckless habits Moving back to Boston In 1827 poe moved back to Boston and published his first book Tamerlane and other poesms Tamerlane and other poems Army In 1828 Poe was flat broke and enlisted in the army, his stepdad got an appointment at Westpoint, but found it confining, and made sure he got expelled Baltimore Moved to Baltimore briefly Virginia and marriage In 1836 Poe was 27 and married his 13-year-old cousin for money. he soon goes back to New York and publishers a short novel Philadelphia He moves to Philadelphia and in 1839 becomes an editor at burtons and wrote short stories. After getting fired at burtons He tried to start his own and failed. He accepted a job as editor at Grahams publishing wher he published his first detective story, the murders in the Rue Morgue The raven 1845 The gold bug This story was successful and made him recognize. He used cryptography in this story. Soon after his wife Virginia dies tuberculosis 1849 He was struggling and depressed and collapses on the Baltimore Street. A few days later he dies Biography A rival wrote a biography about him Cryptography Two Greek words, Kryptos (hidden), and graph (writing) Encryption The conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense Modern cryptography Heavily based on mathematical theory In the beginning In the beginning many people were illiterate so they use of cryptography wasnt necessary Types of cypher Transposition and substitution cypher Poe loved cryptography He put advertisements for solving Cyphers and he wouldnt stop thinking about them until they were solved

Power as a Control Device

Taxes essays

Taxes essays Through out the years, people have always complained that they have to pay too many taxes. But in reality, the government needs those taxes. I agree with Oliver Wendall Holmes when he said Taxes are what we pay for a civilized society. It takes tax money to insure a safe and productive society. The taxes people pay are always used for the good of the public, most people dont know what all is paid for by taxes. Taxes pay for everything from education to the pavement of the highways. At the state level, taxes help pay for our highway system. These highways allow our society to function in a beneficial manner. If we didnt have efficient roadways, goods couldnt be delivered and our society wouldnt be as advanced as we are today. Everything we buy has be transported from somewhere. Having taxes keep our highways in suitable condition insures the safety of the people. Both state and local taxes aid in the education of our children. Every year taxes are used to help repair old school buildings and help buy new modern equipment. Without this help, our schools would be left in the dark ages without the essential equipment that is needed to help the kids perform to their best ability. When children are taught in an exceptional environment, the results are having superior leaders in A significant amount of tax money is used by our national defense. Though out the years the amount of money used by the defense has gone down but it still uses a tremendous amount of money. With our national defense being one of the best in the world, most citizens feel safe. They dont worry about attacks from other countries. In other countries the residents feel unsafe in their homeland. I wouldnt want to live a life where I was afraid of what was going to hap ...

Adolf Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany

Adolf Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed as the chancellor of Germany by President Paul Von Hindenburg. Hindenburg made the appointment in an effort to keep Hitler and the Nazi Party â€Å"in check;† however, the decision would have disastrous results for Germany and the entire European continent. In the year and seven months that followed, Hitler was able to exploit the death of Hindenburg and combine the positions of chancellor and president into the position of Fà ¼hrer, the supreme leader of Germany. Structure of the German Government At the end of World War I, the existing German government under Kaiser Wilhelm II collapsed. In its place, Germany’s first experiment with democracy, known as the Weimar Republic, commenced. One of the new government’s first actions was to sign the controversial Treaty of Versailles which placed blame for WWI solely upon Germany. The new democracy was primarily composed of the following: The president, who was elected every seven years and vested with immense powers;The Reichstag, the German parliament, which consisted of members elected every four years and based on proportional representation- the number of seats was based on the number of votes received by each party; andThe chancellor, who was appointed by the president to oversee the Reichstag, and usually a member of the majority party in the Reichstag. Although this system put more power in the hands of the people than ever before, it was relatively unstable and would ultimately lead to the rise of one of the worst dictators in modern history. Hitler’s Return to Government After his imprisonment for his failed 1923 coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was outwardly reluctant to return as the leader of the Nazi Party; however, it did not take long for party followers to convince Hitler that they needed his leadership once again. With Hitler as leader, the Nazi Party gained over 100 seats in the Reichstag by 1930 and was viewed as a significant party within the German government. Much of this success can be attributed to the party’s propaganda leader, Joseph Goebbels. The Presidential Election of 1932 In the spring of 1932, Hitler ran against incumbent and WWI hero Paul von Hindenburg. The initial presidential election on March 13, 1932, was an impressive showing for the Nazi Party with Hitler receiving 30% of the vote. Hindenburg won 49% of the vote and was the leading candidate; however, he did not receive the absolute majority needed to be awarded the presidency. A run-off election was set for April 10. Hitler gained over two million votes in the run-off or approximately 36% of the total votes. Hindenburg only gained one million votes on his previous count but it was enough to give him 53% of the total electorate- enough for him to be elected to another term as president of the struggling republic. The Nazis and the Reichstag Although Hitler lost the election, the election results showed that the Nazi Party had grown both powerful and popular. In June, Hindenburg used his presidential power to dissolve the Reichstag and appointed Franz von Papen as the new chancellor. As a result, a new election had to be held for the members of the Reichstag. In this July 1932 election, the popularity of the Nazi Party would be further affirmed with their massive gain of an additional 123 seats, making them the largest party in the Reichstag. The following month, Papen offered his former supporter, Hitler, the position of Vice Chancellor. By this point, Hitler realized that he could not manipulate Papen and refused to accept the position. Instead, he worked to make Papen’s job difficult and aimed to enact a vote of no confidence. Papen orchestrated another dissolution of the Reichstag before this could occur. In the next Reichstag election, the Nazis lost 34 seats. Despite this loss, the Nazis remained powerful. Papen, who was struggling to create a working coalition within the parliament, was unable to do so without including the Nazis. With no coalition, Papen was forced to resign his position of chancellor in November of 1932. Hitler saw this as another opportunity to promote himself into the position of chancellor; however, Hindenburg instead appointed Kurt von Schleicher. Papen was dismayed by this choice as he had attempted in the interim to convince Hindenburg to reinstate him as chancellor and allow him to rule by emergency decree. A Winter of Deceit Over the course of the next two months, there was much political intrigue and backroom negotiations that occurred within the German government. A wounded Papen learned of Schleicher’s plan to split the Nazi Party and alerted Hitler. Hitler continued to cultivate the support he was gaining from bankers and industrialists throughout Germany and these groups increased their pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Papen worked behind the scenes against Schleicher, who soon found him out. Schleicher, upon discovering Papen’s deceit, went to Hindenburg to request the President order Papen to cease his activities. Hindenburg did the exact opposite and encouraged Papen to continue his discussions with Hitler, as long as Papen agreed to keep the talks a secret from Schleicher. A series of meetings between Hitler, Papen, and important German officials were held during the month of January. Schleicher began to realize that he was in a tenuous position and twice asked Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and place the country under emergency decree. Both times, Hindenburg refused and on the second instance, Schleicher resigned. Hitler Is Appointed Chancellor On January 29th, a rumor began to circulate that Schleicher was planning to overthrow Hindenburg. An exhausted Hindenburg decided that the only way to eliminate the threat by Schleicher and to end the instability within the government was to appoint Hitler as chancellor. As part of the appointment negotiations, Hindenburg guaranteed Hitler that four important cabinet posts could be given to Nazis. As a sign of his gratitude and to offer the reassurance of his professed good faith to Hindenburg, Hitler agreed to appoint Papen to one of the posts. Despite Hindenburg’s misgivings, Hitler was officially appointed as chancellor and sworn in at noon on January 30, 1933. Papen was named as his vice-chancellor, a nomination Hindenburg decided to insist upon to relieve some of his own hesitation with Hitler’s appointment. Longtime Nazi Party member Hermann Gà ¶ring was appointed in the dual roles of Minister of the Interior of Prussia and Minister Without Portfolio. Another Nazi, Wilhelm Frick, was named Minister of the Interior. The End of the Republic Although Hitler would not become the Fà ¼hrer until Hindenburg’s death on August 2, 1934, the downfall of the German republic had officially begun. Over the course of the next 19 months, a variety of events would drastically increase Hitler’s power over the German government and the German military. It would only be a matter of time before Adolf Hitler attempted to assert his power over the entire continent of Europe. Sources and Further Reading Hett, Benjamin Carter. The Death of Democracy: Hitlers Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic. New York: Henry Holt, 2018.  Jones, Larry Eugene. Hitler versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2016.  McDonough, Frank. Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party. London: Routledge, 2012.  Von Schlabrendorff, Fabian. The Secret War Against Hitler. New York, Routledge, 1994.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 107

Essay Example That is until one day when his desire uncoiled when he was offered a summer building job to carry out â€Å"real work†. He was willing to perform it precisely, when he reaches at the construction site, with no fear at all. It is clear that Rodriguez was not seeking for a summer job, rather a chance to work with his back and hands. His desire is to feel his body in a unique or new way; he wanted to know the meaning of real work, even if it lasted for a short time so long as he worked like hard for once. Just like men whose desire is to fulfill their sexual fantasies by performing in the City of Night, Rodriguez wanted to fulfill his erotic dream by trying to side with the working class, a task for himself and for his audience (Dunbar-Odom 37). As a simple laborer, Rodriguez had a positive attitude towards his contract. The work seemed simpler than his friends did and he had thought. He enjoyed doing it, since he says that he had many physical pleasures during the labor. Each day counted for him, as he woke up every morning with a new working spirit. During the day, his desire to work conquered all the barriers that came his way. Sometimes he could even do too much that his colleagues were amazed, but all was for the sake of fulfilling his fantasy (Rodriguez 275). During his shoveling work, he realized that he was not doing what was right. He was fooling himself by expecting to be admitted in the world of the laborer. He says, â€Å"I could not learn in three months what my father had meant by â€Å"real work,† to mean that what he had been doing up to that level was not sufficient enough to measure to what his father could recognize as hard work. He could not be pleased by the achievement of his son so far. He needed more experience and efforts and that for him to accomplish â€Å"real work,† he had to take quality time. According to his mother and father, â€Å"real work† means struggling with self-confidence to achieve

E-learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

E-learning - Essay Example University Senate Regulations: www2.le.ac.uk/offices/sas2/regulations/documents/2012-13/Senatereg11-discipline.pdf Unintended plagiarism as well as deliberate plagiarism will result in the award of a fail grade. In recent years, the proliferation of the latest technologies and easy access to a wide range of Internet tools, the lives of people has been changed significantly. Even the learning sector has been impacted due to the robust growth in the technological gadgets; it has revolutionised the learning and teaching areas of the field simultaneously (Conole et al., 2003). As a result, there is a surge in the demand of workforce which makes learning a part of their training and development agenda during the career growth (Newton & Ellis, 2005). In order to cultivate an E-learning culture within the organisation, it is mandatory for the management team to seek help from the professionals so that they can enhance the morale of the workforce (Wall & Ahmed, 2008). The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been playing a dual role in the digital era. At one extreme, it is expected that the information oriented society in future will have to face various challenges. Likewise, these challenges ignited by the technology driven, knowledge intensive and dynamic working life will facilitate the lifelong and continuous competence development of the working people in various aspects of life (Tynjala & Hakkinen, 2005). On the other extreme, it is believed that ICT will assist in developing solutions for the posed challenges. The rapid changes in the field of E-learning have taken place due to evolution of the technologies which is also considered as a problem in this arena (Tynjala & Hakkinen, 2005). It is evident from the history of E-learning that there was dominance of the technology-driven approaches such as CAI (Computer-Aided Instructions), mobile learning, blended learning and distance learning; the basic learning process remains consistent just the

Methods of Enquiry - Research Proposal - International Ethics

Methods of Enquiry - - International Ethics Conflicts - Research Proposal Example The research can be conducted in a mixed method approach by conducting survey over the employees and their responses helps to determine the organization’s work ethics. The employees are expected to respond on a rating of five points regarding their views about the performance of the organization. The literature review suggests the views of various researches regarding the ethical conflict management. An organization faces a number of challenges and conflicts and it is very important to resolve these conflicts otherwise the company would have to run at a loss and the ultimate option that the company would have is to shut down. Thus it is expected that the organization hires efficient managers who are capable of resolving the conflicts and maintain the company’s reputation in the market. As a result of Globalisation, several countries vary in various aspects. For example, the countries have diverse cultural, economical, social, ethical and linguistic backgrounds that can lead to ethical conflicts among the multinational companies (Hamilton, Knouse and Hill, 2009). Diversity in culture among various employees of different companies can result in conflicts regarding their views that can prove to be risky for the company’s reputation in the market. Cross cultural variations dealing with behaviour, norms, values, etiquette of various employees and workforce may have a huge impact on the company’s growth prospect (Patel, Harrison and McKinnon, 2002). The behavioural ethics determines the company’s management styles and the work culture. In order to achieve success and maintain corporate image, the company should follow its business ethics. It provides various guidelines for maintaining an ethical relationship with other organizations (Patel, Harrison and McKinnon, 2002; Voigt, 2009). The conflicts that may arise are the clashes in business and among the employees who try to dominate within the organization (Reidenberg, 2000). An unethical behaviour

Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga Essay

Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga - Essay Example Although it was believed to have existed for more than 10.000 years ago, its fossils were only found in 1841. Sabertooth tigers were carnivorous animals as explained by Michael Henderson, paleontologist and curator of earth sciences at the Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford. These animals were efficient-killing machines and preyed on deer, bison, ground sloths, mastodon and even small mammoths. Their 7 inch-long teeth proved helpful in their hunt for bigger animals. In fact: "Saber-toothed cats came up with an efficient way to dispatch their prey by evolving enlarged canines. Big cats, such as lions and tigers, often kill their prey by suffocating it. They bite down on the neck of their prey and cut off its air supply. ( qtd. from â€Å"Oversized Teeth Helped Saber† 1). The La Brea Tar Pits in California is a testimony of how smilodons were trapped while feeding on mammoths. The extinction of the saber tooth has been a puzzle to many scientists up to now. One hypothesis for its extinction is the end of Ice Age. According to Anton ( 2002 ) â€Å"Pliocene also brought a significant decline among the machairodont cats. From the variety of genera existing during the late Miocene (Machairodus, Paramachairodus, Metailurus), only the large metailurine Dinofelis persisted In their turn, the group of modern felids with conical canines increased their diversity with the appearance of the first members of the Lynx group ( p.213). In short, the saber-tooth cannot adapt anymore to its environment that is why other feline species replaced it. Humans, that’s what homo sapiens are. Bipedal primates that belong to Hominidae, the great ape family. Homo sapiens were known as hunter gatherers before the introduction of domestic farming came about. They were nomads who travelled from one place to another in search for food. Homo sapiens know how to use tools to defend themselves or to stage an attack on a prey which is usually an animal. The vegetation of

Socrates and Virtue Essay Example for Free

Socrates and Virtue Essay At the beginning of Meno Socrates and Meno are discussing what they think the true definition of virtue is. They debate over this matter for quite some time and Meno continues to throw definitions, of what he thinks virtue is, at Socrates. It seems like every time Meno would come up with what he thought virtue was Socrates would shoot it down. Socrates would not come out and say this is not right, he would merely ask him a series of questions in order for Meno to realize it on his own. One after another Socrates continues to find problems with Menos reasoning behind his definitions. After the fourth attempt they finally decide they would try to start over with a clean slate in order to find out what virtue truly is. At this point Socrates and Meno have not quite come close to defining virtue they have just made definition in general much more clear. Early on the closest that Socrates and Meno come closest, in my opinion, to defining virtue is when they conclude that virtue is the desire for good things in order to do good. While there are many people out there who desire good things in order to do bad, there are just as many that desire good things in order to do some good. According to my interpretation of the text here, virtue is the desire for good or powerful things in order to do good for others. At the end of this passage though, Socrates shoots down this idea by asking a series of questions putting Meno in a state of perplexity and numbness, as Socrates does best (Section 77c ? 80b). Now having gone through all of that, Meno asks Socrates, how will know you found virtue if you do not know what it truly is? Socrates then goes on to tell Meno about the immortal soul and recollection. This is a belief that your soul is all knowing because it has been through an infinite amount of lives, consuming all kinds of knowledge and information. According to this, the soul is said to be all knowing. According to this theory, learning is just a matter of recalling all the knowledge from previous lives. So if this was true, then we all already have the true definition of virtue within all of us, we just have to ask the right questions in order for us to remember it (Section 80d ? 81e). Now in order to prove his point of recollection, Socrates brings over a slave boy and proceeds to ask him a series of questions in order to prove that learning is just a matter of recollection. This goes on for some time until Socrates is satisfied with the slave boy and his so called recollection of knowledge from his souls from previous lives. Socrates says we should continue to pursue knowledge and ask questions until we supposedly recall past knowledge. Today this theory is viewed as being somewhat far fetched and totally implausible (Sections 83a ?85e). Now soon after all this takes place they continue to discuss knowledge and virtue, contemplating the true definition of virtue. Socrates and Meno decide that virtue is something that can be beneficial to ones self, which is true. Socrates then talks about all the things that are beneficial to us: health, strength, beauty, and wealth. Those are all things which can be very beneficial to everyone or they can have the opposite effect and can be quite detrimental. The outcome of these things is determined by the use of them; good or bad. If used correctly then they would benefit us, if used improperly then they would have quite the opposite effect. Wealth would be a good example of this. It can be for the good or the bad that just depends. If you direct things by wisdom then that is how you get something to be beneficial to yourself or others. If you foolishly direct things in your life and are not careful then they become harmful. Socrates says that all activities done by humans depends on the soul itself, and if you are going to do some beneficial then it involves wisdom to a certain extent. So if in order to do something beneficial you need wisdom and they defined virtue as being something beneficial, therefore making the valid point that virtue is wisdom, for the most part ( Sections 87e ? 89b). Virtue is what you make of it. Yes, to some extent, I agree with Socrates with virtue as wisdom, but that is about as far as you can go with it. Really it is what you are willing to make of it in your own life. There are good types of virtues and then there are harmful types of virtue. Now you cannot really say that there are beneficial types of virtue and bad types of virtue. The reason behind this is because, to some people, virtue can be beneficial in a bad way instead of the beneficial that most people first think of. It varies from person to person. There is really no way of putting one basic definition on virtue. Virtue encompasses so many different things, it would be nearly impossible for us to slap a definition on it without finding a glitch or something wrong with the definition. There will always be someone there to find a problem with it, because is that not the way our society works? Somebody comes up with one thing, then after a while someone comes up something wrong with that idea and proposes a new, better, and far superior idea. So virtue can be defined in mere generalization, I do believe, rather than throwing some specific definition of virtue out there. It is not possible to put a single definition on virtue. For generalizations sake, I will have to say that virtue is wisdom, but there are so many more things that are included under wisdom, that the possibilities are endless.

Self Objectification and the Sexualization of Girls

Self Objectification and the Sexualization of Girls Contemporary Western culture has essentially commodified the female body and form and we now live in a society where womens bodies tend to be valued as appearance-based, sexual objects; objects that can be viewed and appraised, bought and sold, and ultimately consumed, by other individuals and society as a whole. Sexual objectification of the female body exists along a continuum ranging from the literal (e.g., human sex trafficking, modeling, participating in pageants) to figurative (e.g., media representations, using womens bodies in advertising). Further, sexual objectification represents both a cultural as well as interpersonal phenomenon; one in which women and girls are reduced to and primarily valued for their appearance and, more specifically, their ability to conform to societys increasingly narrow standards for a sexually desirable body. Thus, the experience of sexual objectification can be both direct (e.g., women and girls personal experiences of being judged on their appe arance and sexual desirability) as well as indirect (i.e., women and girls observation of the treatment and sexual objectification of other women and girls) (Crawford et al., 2009). A number of feminist theorists (e.g., Kaschak, 1992; Ussher, 1989) have argued that one of the many potential consequences of living in a society of pervasive sexual objectification, girls and women will internalize this sexual objectification and begin to objectify themselves. That is, over time women learn, through both their interpersonal experiences and vicarious observation of society and popular culture, that their looks matter, that other peoples appraisal of their appearance can determine how they are treated, and, these evaluations can even affect the quality of their social and economic lives. Objectification theory (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997) is a framework for understanding a variety of psychological and physical consequences women may face as a result of living in a culture that sexually objectifies their bodies. This theory describes the process through which women internalize both the belief that appearance is critical component of womens worth as well as cultures standards of near physical perfection and then ultimately determine their value as an individual based on their ability to meet these standards (Crawford et al., 2009). However, as each successive cohort of women since the late 1950s has faced standards of thinness and beauty that are increasingly more difficult to achieve (Garner et al., 1980; Wiseman et al., 1992), the current cultural body and appearance standards for women are now both incredibly unhealthy as well as virtually unattainable (Sptizer, Henderson, Zivian, 1999). For those women who connect these standards to their identity and self-worth, the failure to achieve or compare to this idealized female body is likely to result in feelings of shame and anxiety about their bodies (Bartky, 1988; Lewis, 2000). The traditional view of self-objectification (i.e., valuing ones body more on the basis of outward appearance than performance, health, or function), in turn, is theorized to be associated with an array of emotional and physical consequences, including an increase in body shame, body dissatisfaction, decreased awareness of internal states, depression, sexual dysfunction, and symptoms of eating disorders (Noll Fredrickson, 1998). In the literature, the concept of self-objectification has been used interchangeably with the term objectified body consciousness. McKinley and Hydes (1996) similar construct of objectified body consciousness consists of three primary components: Self-surveillance, body shame, and appearance control. An individual with an objectified body consciousness closely monitors their body from the view of a third person, exhibits body shame when they fail to achieve the cultural expectations, and believes that individuals are able to control their appearance, respectively. Over the last decade, a considerable body of evidence has been documented in support of the proposed tenets of these theories among both adult and adolescent women within a variety of contexts (for an extensive review: Moradi Huang, 2008). Self-objectification and objectified body consciousness have been empirically linked to a plethora of negative psychosocial and physical outcomes, including low body esteem (McKinley, 1998, 1999; McKinley Hyde, 1996; Noll Fredrickson, 1998), depression (Harrison Frederickson, 2003; Miner-Rubino, Twenge, Fredrickson, 2002; Muehlenkamp Saris-Baglama, 2002; Tolman et al., 2006), restrictive eating and eating disorders (Fredrickson et al., 1998; McKinley, 1999; Muehlenkamp Saris-Baglama, 2002; Noll Fredrickson, 1998; Slater Tiggemann, 2002; Tiggemann Lynch, 2001; Tiggemann Slater, 2001), sexual dysfunction (Roberts Gettman, 2004; Wiederman, 2001) and even an increased likelihood of smoking cigarettes (Harrell, 2002). Additionally, experimen tal induction of temporary states of self-objectification has resulted in decreased performance, both physical and cognitive. In one study of over 200 girls, aged 10 to 17 years, Frederickson and Harrison (2005) found that increasing levels of self-objectification predicted poorer motor performance while throwing a softball. Additionally, in their now infamous study, Frederickson and colleagues (1998) found that after asking women to try on a swimsuit and evaluate their appearance in a mirror, these women performed worse on a short math test compared to the women in the control group who completed the same appearance evaluation task in a sweater; findings which have been consistently replicated across multiple sexes and sexual orientations (Hebl, King, Lin, 2004; Martins, Tiggemann, Kirkbride, 2007). To date, much of this research has been conducted utilizing convenience samples of predominately U.S., undergraduate university students (e.g., Miner-Rubino et al., 2002; Morry Staska, 2001; Muelenkamp Saris-Baglama, 2002; Quinn, Kallen, Cathey, 2006) as well as other subgroups vulnerable to objectification, such as dancers (Parsons Betz, 2001; Slater Tiggemann, 2002; Tiggemann Slater, 2001) in part due to their high rates of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders as well as the perceived likelihood of these groups experiencing sexually objectifying situations. While these characteristics certainly make these groups ideal for testing predictions based on objectification theory and the objectified body consciousness construct, they also mean that demographic qualities such as age range, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity are restricted in comparison to the general population. This has greatly limited the generalizability of the findings to other groups of women and made it d ifficult to investigate developmental aspects of self-objectification. Furthermore, given the ubiquitous nature of the sexual objectification of women, self-objectification and an objectified body consciousness are likely to be relevant constructs in the lives of all women. This line of research is far from complete and prior studies and reviews have repeatedly called for additional research addressing group specific manifestations of self-objectification and its related concepts and outcomes within the framework of objectification theory. Despite the notion and evidence to suggest that eating and body image issues begin to develop prior to adolescence, from a developmental perspective, preadolescent girls remain one group that has been understudied to this date. Puberty and Adolescence One potential reason for this exclusion is due to the particular importance assigned to the contribution and timing of puberty in the emergence of self-objectification by both objectification theory as well as objectified body consciousness theory. Specifically, as girls physically and sexually develop into their mature adult forms, their bodies are increasingly judged and commented upon, and subjected to sexual objectification from others, which, according to objectification theory, results in girls adopting a outsiders view of their own bodies to ensure compliance with the social standard (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997). Although there is considerable variation in the individual timing and tempo of puberty (Tanner, 1972), research in the related, albeit more general, areas of body image and body dissatisfaction have routinely shown puberty to be an important risk factor for a variety of psychosocial problems in adolescence, including depression and eating disorders (Angold, Costello, Worthman, 1998; Stice, Agras, Hammer, 1999; Weichold, Silbereisen, Schmitt-Rodermund, 2003). This work in the areas of body image and body dissatisfaction suggests three primary ways in which physical development during puberty could result in body shame. First, the start of puberty initiates a series of dramatic appearance related changes for most adolescents. For example, normal female pubertal development involves the addition of approximately 24 pounds of body fat (Warren, 1983) which represents a typical change in body fat composition from about 16% to 27% and a muscle-to-fat ratio of 5 to 4 by the end of puberty (Brown et al., 2010; Smoll Schutz, 1990). This weight gain and increase in body fat is entirely inconsistent with the current social ideal of an ultra thin, prepubertal, female body ideal and a likely source of adolescent girls dissatisfaction with their bodies (Graber et al., 1994; Spitzer, Henderson, Zivian, 1999; Stice Whitenton, 2002). Similarly, all of these sudden physical changes may redirect or enhance adolescents already greater tendency toward self-consciousness (Jones, 2004; Rankin et al., 2004). Some of the previously described body image research with adults supports this concept and has shown that directing individuals attention to their physical appearance, even temporarily, can result in increased reports of self-surveillance as well as body shame (e.g., Fredrickson et al., 1998; Hebl, King, Lin, 2004; Martins, Tiggemann, Kirkbride, 2007). Finally, in addition to directing adolescents attention to their own physical appearance, the physical changes of puberty likely direct others attention to the adolesce nts body as well; attention that is commonly in the form of peer sexual harassment, particularly for early developing girls (American Association of University Women, 2001). A growing body of research suggests that sexual harassment during adolescence is normative and related to pubertal development (McMaster et al., 2002; Murnen Smolak, 2000). Likewise, in a study of 166 girls aged 10- to 12-years-old (mean age 11.2 years), Lindberg, Grabe, Hyde (2007) showed that more advanced pubertal development and greater sexual harassment from peers predicted increases in both girls engagement in self-surveillance as well as body shame. Consequently, much of the research on the tenets of self-objectification and objectified body consciousness, as well as the proposed psychosocial outcomes has focused on the experiences of mostly post pubertal adolescents and young adults. However, despite the proposed role of puberty in the development of self-objectification; research in related areas suggests that body image concerns are likely starting much earlier than puberty. Numerous researchers have documented that body image concerns and dissatisfaction are significant for most adolescent girls in both clinical and non clinical samples (Bunnell et al., 1992; Smolak Levine, 2001; Thompson et al., 1999b), regardless of eating pathology or weight (Rodin, Silberstein, Streigel-Moore, 1985); findings which have subsequently been explained as normative discontent. In other words, because a majority of women tend to be dissatisfied with their bodies, negative body attitudes are, in fact, quite normal. Thus, by adolescence, many girls have already developed weight and body concerns and may even have engaged in attempts to alter or control their weight and body shape. Although a significant proportion of the previous research on disordered eating and body image dissatisfaction has focused on adult women and adolescent girls, an emerging line of research has begun to examine these constructs among pre-pubescent children as well (Cusumano and Thompson, 2001; Davison, Markey, Birch, 2003; Dohnt Tiggemann, 2004; Field et al., 1999a; Ricciardelli McCabe, 2001; Ricciardelli, McCabe, Banfield, 2000; VanderWal Thelen, 2000). And thus, while the role of pubertal development is certainly notable, it is also an incomplete picture of why and how self-objectification likely develops. Sexualization of Girls A complimentary perspective and emerging line of research particularly relevant to the potential causes and outcomes of self-objectification concerns that of the sexualization of girls. According to the Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2007), sexualization is used to describe the treatment of others or oneself as sexual objects and, as things rather than as people with legitimate sexual feelings of their own. Sexualized individuals are valued primarily for their physical appearance and, more specifically, their sex appeal. The phenomenon of sexualization has been observed and commented upon by an ever widening array of academics and cultural critics, as well as the popular media. Emma Rush and Andrea La Nauze of The Australia Institute (2006b) have similarly defined sexualization as, the act of giving someone or something a sexual character, which, when applied to children includes inappropriately imposing or encouraging, ster eotypical forms of adult sexuality. In the book, The Lolita Effect, Gigi Durham (2008) commented at length on the complimentary social phenomenon of viewing and treating little girls as sexy as well as encouraging adult women to be sexy by adopting childlike habits and clothing trends (e.g., Mary Jane shoes, lollipops, school uniforms). While children have always been exposed to adult sexuality through popular culture and media, the very direct sexualization of children by media and society, is a considerably more recent development. According to Rush La Nauze (2006b), the term corporate paedophilia is a metaphor coined by Phillip Adams to describe the marketing strategy of age compression, where previously adult/adolescent products are aimed at younger and younger children in order to guarantee more consumers (Lamb and Brown, 2006; Levin and Kilbourne, 2008; Rush La Nauze, 2006a). Rush and La Nauze (2006b) operationally define this concept as advertising and marketing that either seek to present children in sexually suggestive ways, or seek to sell product to children using overt forms of adult sexuality. Despite the potential negative connotations, with 27 million children aged 7 to 14 years, the contemporary tween market is a rather lucrative demographic with tremendous discretionary purchasing power, including a subset of 2.7 million that, in 2001, spent more than $14 billion on clothing alone (Nieder and Figueroa, 2001). Although both girls and boys are exposed to adult sexuality through popular culture and media, the direct marketing of sexualized materials to children is notably directed toward young girls (Rush La Nauze, 2006b). A 1999 article in Entrepreneur magazine described how girls represent a better niche market than boys because, like their adult female counterparts, girls tend to purchase predictable economic stuff, including clothing, accessories, and beauty products (Phillipps, 1999). And, in 2007, NPD Group reported that 7- to 14-year-old girls spent $11.5 billion on apparel, up from $10.5 billion in 2004 (Sweeney, 2008). Taking notice, corporations like MGA Entert ainment, producer of the Bratz dolls, have licensed a line of Bratz clothing and accessories for little girls that include a matching hip-hugger underpants and padded bra set (Opplinger, 2008). Slim-fit t-shirts in stretchy fabrics are now sold in childrens sizes with slogans such as, So many boys, so little time and, Scratch and Sniff across the chest and Pollett and Hurwitz (2004) noted that thong underwear are now offered in tween stores as well as childrens wear departments, often with decorations that will specifically appeal to children. Retail stores such as Limited Too and Justice, which cater exclusively to the tween demographic sell lingerie items such as camisoles and lacy panties, items that once would have been marketed solely to adults (Lamb Brown, 2006). Likewise, the younger sister of Miley Cyrus (of Disney Channel fame) recently began marketing her own lingerie line for tweens. National chains such as Target and J.C. Penny are now selling padded bras and thong pant ies for young girls that feature cherries and slogans such as Wink-Wink and Eye Candy, while in 2008, Wal-Mart offered a pair of thong underwear in childrens sizes emblazoned with the phrase, Who needs a credit card? Not to be left out, pink baby bibs sold at that same chain bore such phrases as, Always Dress to Impress, Kisses 25Â ¢, and Drama Queen. The cosmetics industry has also seen the value of marketing their products to younger and younger girls. In 2001, a survey by the NPD Group showed that, on average, women began using beauty products at 17. Today, the average is 13, and even this is likely to be an overstatement. According to the same report, 8- to 12-year-olds were already spending more than $40 million a month on beauty products. In 2003, according to Experian, a market research company based in New York, 43% of 6- to 9-year-olds were already using lipstick or lip gloss; 38% used hairstyling products; and 12% used other cosmetics. In a study last year, 55% of 6- to 9-year-old girls said they used lip gloss or lipstick and nearly two-thirds said they used nail polish. From 2007 to 2009, the percentage of girls ages 8- to 12-years-old, who regularly use mascara and eyeliner nearly doubled to 18% from 10% for mascara, and to 15% from 9% for eyeliner. The percentage of girls using lipstick also rose, to 15% from 10% (Qu enqua, 2010). Of serious concern within the medical community is research that suggests some of these products may have highly negative consequences from prolonged usage, particularly for children and pre-pubertal adolescents. While race, obesity, and genetics are likely determinants of pubertal timing, a growing body of research suggests that hormonally active environmental agents may also alter the course of pubertal development in girls, which is controlled by endogenous steroids and gonadotropins (Jacobson-Dickman Lee, 2009; Rasier et al., 2006). Some of these chemicals include a number of phenols and phthalates, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), which act like estradiol as hormone agonists and, in animals, have been shown to accelerate pubertal development (Rasier et al., 2006). In the previously described study examining early onset puberty among 7- to 8-year-old girls, Wolff and colleagues (2010) discovered elevated exposure to endocrine disruptors that are commonly found in nail polishes and oth er cosmetics. Toy shops now sell items such as the Girls Ultimate Spa and Perfume Kit (for use by up to eight kids and perfect for spa parties, sleepovers, and rainy days); the Body Shop has lip glosses intended for teens and fruity lip glosses for preteens; Claires, an accessory store in almost every shopping mall, offers lip gloss in flavors that appeal primarily to young girls (e.g., Dr Pepper, Skittles). Mattel Corporation, producer of Barbie dolls, offers lip glosses and perfumes to their junior consumers with names such as, Free Spirit, Summer Fun, and Super Model (Opplinger, 2008). Similarly, large spa chains and salons now offer a variety of services for children, including several companies devoted to providing services to child customers exclusively. Sweet Sassy salons and Dashing Diva franchises advertise services for girls 5- to 11-years-old and offer options such as virgin Cosmos in martini glasses and pink limos as part of birthday parties for groups of girls. Similarly, at any of t he 90 mall-based, Club Libby Lu stores nationwide, girls can mix their own lip gloss and partake in celebrity makeovers and mini fashion shoots (one of the most popular being Hannah Montana) (Sweeney, 2008). Products and services such as these highlight just how mainstream it has become to turn children into cute and sexy little objects. And, although adults and much of society have become somewhat desensitized to this sexualization of girls, children remain especially vulnerable to marketers efforts because of the very way they think. Under the age of eight, children have trouble understanding that the purpose of an ad is to get them to buy something and if they see a child smiling and looking happy, they are unlikely realize its because the child is being paid to look that way. Young children tend to believe what they see, so that when other children are presented as both sexualized and happy, they believe it will be that way for them too (Oates, Blades, Gunter, 2002; Singer Revenson, 1996). Young childrens thinking tends to focus on one thing at a time and only on what they can see. They dont consider multiple aspects of a situation or the relationships between those aspects and they tend not to look at what lies beneath the surface of objects, images, and actions such as the motives, intentions, and feelings underlying sexual behavior Singer Revenson, 1996). In other words, children are already predisposed to attend to appearance and this is particularly damaging and problematic to children and adolescents who are developing their sense of themselves as sexual beings (APA, 2007). Ultimately, girls are encouraged to construct a sexy appearance, yet it is highly unlikely they personally understand what it means to be sexual or to have sexual desires (APA, 2007). Strasburger and Wilson (2002) argued that preadolescents and adolescents are like actors who experiment with different features of their newly forming identities; a plasticity which may make them especially sus ceptible to media and cultural messages linking social popularity and acceptance with various sexualized products and services. Given the tendency for adult women to internalize and actively pursue these social ideals despite greater cognitive resources and media/marketing literacy, it is likely that young girls would also start to adopt an observers view of their bodies and an increased focus on appearance over time and particularly with increased interaction with and consumption of culture that promotes this ideal. Quite simply, between padded bras, adult fashions in youth sizes, make-up and accessories, girls are no longer living in a world where puberty is the true beginning of their sexual objectification by others. Thus, it stands to reason that given enough exposure to this appearance culture, some girls may internalize these values at early ages than previously theorized. Body Image and Concerns in Childhood Although the work is limited, as compared to studies with adults, body image research with children suggests that children as young as 3-years-old may start to show an awareness and even mild endorsement of popular social attitudes about bodies, most notably anti-fat bias and a preference for thinness (Cramer Steinwert, 1998; Musher-Eizenman et al., 2003). However, while measurable, research with young children is generally interpreted with great caution due to their limited cognitive development and generally studies show support for greater awareness and endorsement of these beliefs and preferences beginning between the ages of 5- and 6-years-old (Cramer Steinwert, 1998; Davison, Markey Birch, 2000; Lowes Tiggemann, 2003; Musher-Eizenman et al., 2003; Thelan et al., 1992; Tiggemann Wilson-Barrett, 1998). Because research with children is generally limited by their language and reading skills, most studies on weight and body image have relied primarily on a variety of verbal preference and adjective attribution tasks using age and sex specific figure arrays (Collins, 1991; Hill, Oliver, Roger, 1992; Gardner, Sorter, Friedman, 1997; Musher-Eizenman et al., 2003; Stager Burke, 1982; Truby Paxton, 2002; Williamson Delin, 2001) while reserving surveys and questionnaires for older children (Flanneryschroeder Chrisler, 1996). Unfortunately, a thorough understanding of weight and body image concerns in children is also limited by the great variety in actual constructs being measured (e.g., anti-fat bias, preference for thinness, body dissatisfaction, weight concerns, dieting) as well as differences in the age ranges of the child participants (Smolak, 2004). Despite these limitations, results from several studies suggest that childrens reports of weight and body concerns range between 3 7% and 50% for girls aged 8- to 13-years-old (Collins, 1991; Field et al., 1999a; Rolland, Farnill, Griffiths, 1997; Schur, Sanders, Steiner, 2000; Schreiber et al., 1996) and a 1998 review by Smolak, Levine, and Schermer (1998) found that an average of 40% of girls in late elementary school reported weight and body image concerns. In addition to simply being present and measurable at these ages, weight and body image concerns also appear to be rather consistent and predictive over time. In a longitudinal study of 182 girls, Davison, Markey, and Birch (2003) found that girls were consistent with regard to their reported weight and body concerns from 5- to 9-years-old. Furthermore, even after statistically controlling for weight, girls who reported higher weight or body image concerns between the ages of 5- and 7-years-old also reported higher rates of dietary restriction, disordered eating attitudes, and dieting at age 9 (Davison, Markey, Birch, 2003). Research on the relationships between childrens weight and body image concerns to dieting mirrors patterns in similar studies with adults (Feldman, Feldman, Goodman, 1998; Flanneryschroeder Chrisler, 1996; Freedman, 1984; Gilbert, 1998; Wardle Marsland, 1990) as in adult women. Although dieting behaviors are more commonly reported by older children ranging from 8- to 13-years-old (Rolland, Farnill, Griffiths, 1996; Thelen et al., 1992), there is evidence to suggest elementary school children (grades 3 through 6) are not only knowledgeable about weight loss methods (Schur, Sanders, Steiner, 2000), but they may be reliable reporters of dieting behaviors as well (Kostanski Gullone, 1999). Thus, while weight and body image concerns are perhaps more obvious during adolescence (Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, Rodin, 1986), their origins are likely found in childhood, as by middle childhood, weight and body image concerns are already normative among girls. Contributing Factors An overwhelming number of studies with adolescents and adult women point to a variety of sociocultural factors, most notably family, peers, and media, as the primary source of influence in the development of poor body image and disordered eating (Stice, 1994, 2001, 2002; Stice Shaw, 1994; Thompson et al., 1999b; Thompson Stice, 2001; van den Berg et al., 2002). The basic premise of these models is quite consistent with both objectification theory and the construct of objectified body consciousness and addresses a number of relevant constructs from Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) while ultimately focusing on internalization of the thin ideal. In general, these theories posit weight and body image concerns develop as a result of discrepancies between the actual and ideal self resulting from social comparisons and feedback from family, peers, and media. As the previously discussed sexualization material suggests, children are likely no less subject to societal pressures tha n adults and adolescent and sociocultural models have now been adapted to explain the development of childrens weight and body concerns (Ricciardelli et al., 2003; Smolak Levine, 2001). Mothers Given the pivotal role of families, more specifically mothers, in young childrens lives, it is perhaps not surprising that much of the sociocultural research on the development of weight and body concerns in childhood has focused on the potential role parents (e.g., Davison, Markey, Birch, 2000; Hill Pallin, 1998; Kluck 2010; Lowes Tiggemann, 2003; McCabe et al., 2007; Ricciardelli et al., 2003; Smolak, Levine, Schermer, 1999). Despite many changes in contemporary culture and across a wide variety of developmental theories, families consistently remain important social reinforcers and role models often credited with constructing and maintaining environments that influence childrens beliefs and behaviors, not only during childhood and adolescence but across the lifespan as well (Bandura McDonald, 1963; Killeya-Jones et al., 2007; Parke Buriel, 2008). With specific regard to self-objectification and objectified body consciousness, McKinley (1999) found significant positive correlations between mothers and their late adolescent daughters body surveillance, body esteem, BMI, and desired weight. Similarly, in a cross cultural study of objectified body consciousness, Crawford and colleagues (2009) found that body shame in mothers was related to body shame in adult daughters for a Nepali sample. With regard to related body image and dietary constructs, numerous studies have identified similarities between mothers and daughters body image concerns and disordered eating patterns (Evans le Grange, 1995; Hill Franklin, 1998; Hill, Weaver, Blundell, 1990; Kichler Crowther, 2001; Rieves Cash, 1996; Sanftner et al., 1996; Smolak, Levine, Schermer, 1999). One way researchers have suggested that a mothers physical appearance orientation can negatively influence daughters is through modeling of behaviors such as dieting or disordered eating (e.g., Keel, Heatherton, Harnden, Hornig, 1997; Kichler Crowther, 2001; Pike, 1995; Pike and Rodin, 1991). Although much of this research has focused on adolescents, similar results emerge in studies of younger children (e.g., Abramovity Birch, 2000; Stice, Agras, Hammer, 1999 Williamson Delin, 2001). Interestingly, in a sample of 5- to 10-year old girls, Williamson and Delin (2001) found it was mothers weight concerns rather than the childs actual weight that predicted childrens weight concerns. Similarly, Abramovity and Birch (2000) found a sample of 5-year-old girls were twice as likely to report ideas about dieting if their mothers were dieting. Yet another way researcher have suggested that a mothers appearance orientation can negatively influence daughters body image and eating behaviors in a more direct manner through verbal comments, which range in form from criticism (Hahn-Smith and Smith, 2001; Smolak, Levine, Schermer, 1999) to teasing and fat talk (Nichter, 2000; Schwartz et al., 1999), and even encouraging to diet (Benedikt, Wertheim, Love, 1998); phenomena which appear to increase as girls approach adolescence (Striegel-Moore Kearney-Cooke, 1994; Thelen Cormier, 1995). However, while most studies have found strong positive relationships between daughters and their mothers self-reports of weight and body image concerns among late adolescents and adults, several notably inconsistent exceptions exist, particularly in studies of younger girls. In the previously mentioned cross cultural study (Crawford et al., 2009), none of the objectified body consciousness measures correlated between mothers and their late adoles cent daughters in the US sample, and in the previously mentioned McKinley (1999) study, there were no relationships between mothers and daughters scores for body shame or control beliefs. Likewise, Lindberg, Hyde, and McKinley (2006) did not find any positive associations between mothers and their 10 to 12-year-old daughters objectified body consciousness measures, and in fact, found small negative correlations between mothers and daughters surveillanc