A Short Note On Anxiety Attacks And Depression - 1488 Words

Bob is a 26 year old white male who has been suffering from anxiety attacks and depression. He indicates that these issues presented themselves 6 years ago after a single use of the hallucenogenic drug LSD in college. He indicates a fear of flashbacks to that experience and says there in no other incident that could cause these issues. He also discusses a tumultuous relationship with his father and two brothers, and was significantly more shy than his siblings while growing up. He maintains that he has trouble holding down a job, and has little to no relationship with his male family members at this time. Presenting concerns: Bob indicates that he has been presenting with anxiety attacks during the night multiple times per week. He†¦show more content†¦The negative self- cencept created by accusations of lying and the physical altercations/ lack of realtionship with his brothers could lead to a dimished sense of self- worth, leading to Bob’s feelings of depression. Murdock wrote that â€Å"depression, for example, would be seen as probably involving a negative self concept that resulted from an excess of conditions of worth† (159). This indicates that Bob’s negative sense of worth could absolutely be the cause of his depressive tendancies, as well as his constant state of sadness. This sadness and anxiety (as mentioned above, where Bob sees where his problems are affecting his relationships) are the cause of his inability to hold down a job, have a stable relationship with his girlfriend, and avoid interactions with his father and brothers. Course of treatment and interventions utilized: Bob presented many of his self-visualized problems in our first session, and became somewhat sad while doing so. Bob indicated that he thought that he could reasonably complete his time in counseling after between 10 and 15 sessions, so it was agreed upon that we would function under the assumption that we would complete 12. In our first session, Bob described his experience with LSD in great detail, and indicated that this is the only cause of his anxiety that he could think of. He had trouble beginning to speak about his family life, however after a little encouragement, he was able to speakShow MoreRelatedSocial Phobia And Social Anxiety Disorder Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder (SAD), is one of the most common, but misconstrued mental health problems in society. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), over 15 million adults suffer from the disorder. First appearing in the DSM-III as Social Phobia, an d later in the DSM-IV as Social Anxiety Disorder, this newly established disorder denotes afflicting stress and anxiety associated with social situations (Zakri 677). According to James W. JeffersonRead MoreMedication Used As Anxiety Medication1439 Words   |  6 PagesSeizure Medication Used as Anxiety Medication Everyday someone is fighting a battle with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is considered a mental illness that causes distress, worry, and fear to an individual. Some types of anxiety include the following: panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and a generalized anxiety disorder with unrealistic worry (WebMD, 2016). The cause for anxiety is currently unknown, but environmental stress and changes in the brain can be linked factors (WebMDRead MoreBullying Is A Serious And Persistent Concern Facing Modern Youth Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesAs Jessica s mom entered her room, there was a note lying on her bed which read I will always remember and I will never forget... Monday: I experienced name calling for liking a boy, Tuesday: I received hurtful text messages from my friends, Wednesday: My peers bashed me with rude comments while in the hallways, and today, when you find this letter, it will all come to an end and I will finally encounter freedom. In shock, Jess ica s mom ran into the bathroom and found her daughter lying onRead MoreNegative Effects Of Instagram1439 Words   |  6 Pagesself-esteem, anxiety and negative body image proved to have high correlation with the use of Instagram. Rated the most negative social media platform, Instagram has created unrealistic expectations people set for themselves (Cramer Inkster, 2017). To take a more specific look, Richard M. Perloff examined mental health in comparison to women’s body image comparisons made through social media. Perloff takes into account social comparison as a factor that decreases self-esteem and increases anxiety. NoteRead MoreAttempts to Legalize Marijuana in Missouri Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesyour kids’ lives. The short and long term effects of marijuana include impaired vision, time perception and sensory, difficulty with thinking, concentrating and problem solving; shortened attention span, decreased alertness, impaired learning and memory, and euphoria. Additionally, marijuana use can lead to disturbed thoughts and can worsen psychotic symptoms in schizophrenics. Long term and short term users often experience lower motivation, and some experience panic attacks, respiratory problemsRead MoreThe Negative Aspects Of A Career1369 Words   |  6 Pagesadults in the the U.S. experience stress or anxiety daily. In specific, CRNA’s are faced with severely high stress and anxiety which can result in devastating and extremely risky illnesses and symptoms. A CRNA’s roles and responsibilities can be extremely difficult and are one of the main reasons why they have to experience such high levels of stress and anxiety. Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist or SRNAs also have to face high levels of stress and anxiety when preparing for this career. CRNA’s areRead MoreChildhood Illness : A Look At Postpartum Depression1538 Words   |  7 PagesMaternal Mental illness: A look at Postpartum Depression, its new inclusion into DSM-5, and treatment issues Antonella Uribe John Jay College of Criminal Justice INTRODUCTION Sandra was a 26 year old mother of four children who had been married for eight years. She had given birth to her fourth child two months ago, with the help of a midwife. Due to her husband’s recent pay cut, and already difficult financial situation, Sandra did not receive any antenatal or postnatalRead MorePanic Disorder And Anxiety Disorder1674 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Torpy (2011), Panic Disorder refers to an overwhelming fear, terror, or fright that is usually referred to as panic, one that happens to an individual several times in his or her life. She goes on to describe panic as a situation that is short-lived and frequently related to a terrifying event that happens in an individual’s life. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to provide a detailed discussion that shows a definitive picture of panic disorder. In order to enhance one’s understandingRead MorePostpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis1135 Words   |  5 PagesPostpartum Dep ression vs Postpartum Psychosis 1. Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis 2. Faith Williams 3. Comp 1 4. Abstract Ongoing sleep deprivation, the intense experience of birth, radical role shifts, and hormonal fluctuations all collide to produce mood swings, irritability, and feelings of being overwhelmed in the majority of mothers. While as many as 80% experience some form of the â€Å"baby blues,† a smaller percentage experience Postpartum Depression, with even fewer momsRead MoreDetection Of Alcohol And Drug Use, And Definition Of Addiction1617 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom responsibility. General changes in overall attitude. Deterioration of physical appearance and grooming. Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times. Continual wearing of long-sleeved garments particularly in hot weather or reluctance to wear short sleeved attire when appropriate. Association with known substance abusers. Unusual borrowing of money from friends, co-workers or parents. Stealing small items from employer, home or school. Secretive behavior regarding actions and possessions; poorly

The Music Man in Concert - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 676 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Concert Review Did you like this example? On Saturday, September 29th at 7:30 pm I attended The Music Man in Concert presenting Meredith Willson held at OCCC. The actual block was Visual art program which was near the box office. The concert was free to all if they are OCCC students. I booked my ticket one week earlier so that I would not miss my concert and was afraid of not getting the ticket. Starring Oklahoma favorite Jonathan Beck Reed and Oklahoma native and Broadway leading lady Teri Bibb (ChristineThe Phantom of the Opera, She Loves Me), and featuring the talents of performers from arts organizations the city over, this unique concert version will be a hit with the entire family. So, lets talk about the concert. I was in the parking lot at 7:30 pm. I was already late for the concert. My friend was waiting inside the box office to pick up the concert ticket. I called him on the phone and we met at the box office. There was a lot of people still coming to get a ticket. But we already booked our ticket, so I straight went to call and asked if they had our ticket. Finally, we had our ticket and started to go inside the theatre hall and I feel little bad because the how was already started. I felt bad because the show was already started, and the performance and music were also already started. The orchestra had 25 vocals, 2 violins, 1 bass, 1 cello, 1 piano and 3 trumpet s. All setups were so managed, and all the performer looked active and the sound system was very clear and enjoyable. During the concert, I was looking for my professor M. Boyle and was glad to hear his performance but unfortunately, I could not see him as I was a little far from the stage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Music Man in Concert" essay for you Create order There was a two act in this concert. I really enjoy both acts. Lets talk about act one; a railroad conductor announces the next stop, River City, Iowa, to a coach filled with traveling salesmen. Speaking rhythmically (keeping time with the movement of the train), the salesmen begin a conversation about the merits of cash versus credit and the ways their products and lives have changed as the result of modern merchandising (Rock Island). As the train stops in River City, Cowell, who has been trying to find and expose Hill, mentions that Hill wouldnt get far with the stubborn Iowans. Before the train begins to move again, a salesman who has quietly been playing cards, grabs his suitcase and announces that the conversation has prompted him to give Iowa a try. When asked his name, the stranger flashes his suitcase, bearing the name Prof. Harold Hill, and quickly exits the train as it starts to move. He finds himself facing River Citys Main Street, decorated with Fourth of July bunting and crowded with townspeople. So, this is the story of act one. The story was interesting, and the background music was also good. I really enjoy the voice of Marian Paroo. Her acting and her dress up was amazing. Likewise, more songs were played, and all the musicians were pitch perfect in playing the beat. I was lost while hearing the song as it was so beautiful and very smooth. All of them were so professional and energetic. Some were dressed formal while many were casual like me and mostly were wearing mix. I really enjoyed every piece of the concert. Some piece made me happy and was calm and relaxed whereas some carried the joy of sorrow. Everyone clapped for a while after the last piece was played. Everyone was appreciating the whole orchestral. Honestly, enjoyed every single moment and I feel lucky to be a part of music appreciation student. I would like to thank my Professor Boyle for providing such a great an opportunity. I enjoyed this concert thoroughly. It was my first time in an orchestra. I was curious to see such many musical instruments together for the first time. It was also very knowledgeable and wonderful to know more about the program.

Comparing Shakespeare s Hamlet And Blake s Song Of...

Compare the ways in which Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Blake’s Song of Innocence poems have explored the theme of religion. Religion in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is questioned directly throughout the play whereas Blake’s poetry indirectly queries religion and implies that it’s God that will lead your soul to a happier life. This is evident in Blake’s poetry as he portrays God as a helpful being but makes the audience contemplate the negative connotations around his religious imagery; such as the angel in The Chimney Sweeper (henceforth referenced as SOI) can be portrayed as an oppressive agent because he is ordering Tom to do an undesirable job. This connects to the fact Blake disapproved of the Enlightenment, where he favored personal rather than institutional religious experience, so his religious views were considered unorthodox. Shakespeare’s Hamlet was written to illustrate fundamental problems of the Renaissance because the dominant religion fragmented from Catholic to Protestant. The changing attitudes and confusion led to people questioning religion which is highligh ted throughout play. Initially, the ideas of religious innocence and purity in Blake’s poem SOI are features in Shakespeare’s characters Ophelia and Hamlet. Hamlet is used to undermine Ophelia’s religious purity and innocence, because she’s disregarded her faith. This is shown in two Acts; firstly, ‘†¦ Beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the force of honesty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘Get thee to aShow MoreRelatedBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesat the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

My Internship Year At St. Rita Catholic School - 999 Words

As I reflect on my internship year and first year at St. Rita Catholic School in Dallas, I have only become more entrenched in what I believe the root beliefs, shared purpose, and core values of an ideal school should be. Especially for a school with similar demographics and culture as that of St. Rita. My first root belief was that our school community believes that every child can and will learn. On the surface level at St. Rita, it appears that our school believes in this. St. Rita does a particularly good job at ensuring this with elementary students as there are many supports- including Tier 2 and Tier 3 supports, in place to help students. The conflict with this belief comes later on when if a student by the time they reach 4th grade†¦show more content†¦At. St. Rita, the students are from a very high SES. As a result, they are very cultured and often know things beyond what they should. This is in part due to the culture of our families, as many of the parents are not always around, instead a nanny or house manager present. Unfortunately, even when parents are around many of them have misguided perceptions of success and only care about social status and money. This in turn also heavily influences how our students think and view the world, especially students who hav e reached middle school age. By virtue of their wealth and zip code, many of these students will probably go on to be leaders- or at least hold leadership positions. We need to empower them to be civically engaged and active in their school, parish and community. We to want to help prepare them for their future careers. In a world that is becoming ever more connected and complex, we want those making decisions to be rooted in the Gospel and guided by a moral compass. A third root belief was that our school community believes that we serve God by serving others. This is very personal to me as I strongly believe that there is no greater joy in life than to serve a cause greater than oneself. For me that cause is to help form young men and women into leaders of character. Students at St. Rita do several service projects each year, especially those that are active in different leadership clubs. We even have a project at Christmas where we adopt

Research Article Critique free essay sample

The content of the abstract is a very good overview of the content and it is consistent with the content. The abstract summarizes the objective, design, setting, participants, measurements, and results. Problem/Purpose The problem being investigated is the risk of falls in the elderly population related to the effects of controlled and uncontrolled hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. The authors do identify the significance of the problem as falls for being the leading cause of disability for the elder generations. Adequate background information is not provided to support the problem because the subject at hand â€Å"has not been investigated previously† (Gangavati, et al. , 2011, p. 383). Explanation of the purpose of this study being conducted is provided by the authors. Literature Review The previous research articles and their outcomes are briefly described with different amounts of time from 1-3 minutes after individual is standing before a decrease in blood pressure of 10-20mmHg would occur and be related to a fall. The purpose â€Å"was to assess the association between hypertension, OH using multiple definitions, and their combination and the risk of recurrent falls in a community-dwelling elderly population† (Gangavati, et al. , 2011, p. 384). The list of twenty eight references is used is this article. There are eight references dated up to ten years old, four references dated five years old or less, and sixteen references that are more than ten years old with one of them being twenty-three years old. The authors do very briefly summarize their review of the literature as to what is known and not known to the study. They do explain a need for further study from previous research with a lack of knowledge in definitions of orthostatic hypertension presented. Framework/Theoretical Perspective The study is based upon a specific situation theory regarding the relationship between falls and changes in blood pressure of the elderly population older than seventy. The authors connect their theory to the study by demonstrating a connection between a change in systolic orthostatic hypotension and standing for one minute. This change in systolic orthostatic hypotension would prove to be increasing falls for the elder population with uncontrolled hypertension. Research Question(s) OR Hypotheses The hypothesis was that the risk of falls would be highest in people with uncontrolled hypertension and in those with orthostatic hypotension. The questions at hand of the research were to assess the association between hypertension, orthostatic hypotension using different definitions, and to assess their combination and the risk of falls in a community-dwelling elderly population. Variables The independent variables were the total number of individuals that were seventy years old or older living within a 5-mile radius of the study. These individuals would present with no hypertension, controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, and systolic orthostatic hypotension. The dependent variables are the blood pressure measurements, number of falls reported, and the amount of time standing from one to three minutes. The blood pressure measurements were taken at two different times at two minutes apart after five minutes of rest and an average of the two would be used in the analysis. The measurements of blood pressure were obtained using a manual blood pressure cuff that was accurate for size. The number of falls was reported over a year of time and at the end of each month on a monthly falls calendar and only counted if they had experienced two falls. Demographics of Sample A few examples of the demographics used in the sample was 22% non-white, 64% female,70% receiving antihypertensive medications, 38% history of falls and 25% with a history of stroke. Research Design The research design used was prospective population-based study. Prospective designs are a type of longitudinal design that can be experimental or non-experimental and they are â€Å"studies that begin in the present and end in the future† (Schmidt amp; Brown, 2012, p. 158). This study was a non-experimental prospective study completed on a population of the elderly followed over a course of a year. This design was appropriate to obtain the necessary data. Subjects were not necessarily assigned to the group but they were chosen depending on if they lived within five miles of the study, seventy years old or older, and the ability to meet certain criteria. There was no indication of a pilot study having been conducted. Sample/Setting The sampling criteria that had to be met were the individual had to be living in the five mile radius of the study and they had to remain in the area for three years. This research study used simple random sampling for the sampling method; with equal chances of being selected, less risk of bias, and ample representation of the population. People were chosen based on â€Å"ability to understand and communicate in English, ability to walk 20 feet without personal assistance, sufficient vision, and able to live in the area for at least 3 years† (Gangavati, et al. 2011, p. 384). Individuals were assessed with a baseline assessment that included medical history, fall history, cognition, medication, and in-clinic evaluations of balance, and muscle strength. Informed consent was obtained from all participants by written informed consent. The setting of the study was the community; this setting fit well wit h the study’s objectives. Measurement, Methods amp; Instruments Kaplan-Meier curves and Multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling were used to assess the risk of falls in participants with orthostatic ypotension. Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables. Wilcoxon rank sum was used for continuous variables. A manual sphygmomanometer was used to obtain blood pressure readings. The type of measurement used was physiological measure at the ordinal level of measurement. The authors did discuss the reliability of measurements being obtained with individuals who had been trained in appropriate blood pressure techniques and for potential sources of error. Data Collection The data was collected for the number of falls by mail. The one month calendar was mailed back at the end of each month charting number of falls. Measurements for blood pressure were taken at 1 minute after standing and 3 minutes after standing, 2 blood pressures were taken while laying supine, and then again after resting 5 minutes. Data was collected by longitudinal design. The data was collected at home by the participant or the caregiver. Data Analysis The data analysis procedures were clearly described using description of follow-up time of truncation. The analysis listed characteristics of the groups and how they were compared. The data analysis procedures were appropriate for the type of data being collected because it was a systematic review of the data that was collected for the research study. Statistical Analyses The analysis included an alpha level of 0. 05 to determine statistical importance. This alpha level indicated that the researchers felt 95% confident in that the risk of falls in the population being tested would be related to uncontrolled hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. Limitations The limitations that were identified by this research study was a bias for number of falls through the use of a falls calendar and standing blood pressure was not measured beyond 3 minutes. The findings were also limited because of the population was a majority of Caucasians, and limited to community-dwelling adults. There was also limitation on knowledge of any medication changes during this time. Other limitations I can think of is we do not know if individuals were accurately checking the blood pressure each day or was it just in the preset of the study. Implication of Findings The implications for nursing were not clearly described in this study. Some implications for nursing that were not described are to become more aware of orthostatic hypotension upon standing of the elderly and to oversee compliance of hypertensive medications. Further study was suggested in order to confirm findings in a clinical trial setting. Generalization of Findings The authors did generalize the findings in this research study. They did not apply their findings beyond this study. It is not indicated in the study that they applied any findings to the population in general. Format I did not see any spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors. The sentence structure was good. This research was difficult to interpret at first but after reading it a couple of times and breaking down the information being provided it was more logical. Overall Evaluation The steps of the research process were logically linked together. The hypothesis of this study did make sense based on review of the literature. The method used in this research prospective population-based study and the qualitative data collected did fit well with the intent of the study.

Pediatrics Physical Therapy Biomechanical and Neurophysiological

Question: Discuss about the Pediatrics Physical Therapy for Biomechanical and Neurophysiological? Answer: The differences between the Biomechanical And Neurophysiological approaches to orthosis A foot orthosis (prescribed) is considered as an in-shoe brace that is designed in order to correct abnormal foot as well as lower extremity function. The lower extremity may include the knee, leg, foot, hip and thigh. There are two types of approaches to the orthosis, such as neurophysiological approach and biomechanical approach. According to Kotwicki Grivas, (2012) the neurophysiological Ankle-Foot Orthosis (NP-AFO) is considered as a polypropylene device, which is vacuum-formed over a plaster model of the patients affected feet as well as lower extremity. On the other hand, Bar-On et al., (2013) suggested that there are different types of biomechanical Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO), such as Teufel AFO, the TIRR AFO etc. the Teufel posterior leaf-spring orthosis was prepared by Ortholen, which is a high density polyethylene. The Hartshill AFO was especially developed for the drop foot. However, it is also discovered that in most of the cases the neurophysiological approaches and biom echnical approaches are overlapped with each other. A neurophysiological force is used to inhibit the toe group reflex (gastroc-nemius-soleus and toe flexus). This step is performed by unweighting the metatarsal heads by using metatarsal arch. A neurophysiological force, in the context of plantar surface of the foot is useful to facilitate the eversion refex. It is also helpful to recruit more control for heep and knee stability asdiscussed by (Kotwicki Grivas, 2012). On the other hand, biomechanical approaches are through the flexibility of ankle and foot due to the configuration and timeliness of the neurophysiological Ankle-Foot Orthosis (NP-AFO). The primary purpose of posting According to Bousie, (2013) there are three types of orthotic postings, which affect in different manner in first MTP (metatarsophakangeal) joint kinematics. Posting in the aspects of orthosis is used to refer the process of angling or tilting in the context of an orthotic shell, shoe or insole in order to alter motion or the joint forces. The posting can be used to the forefoot or the rearfoot of a device. However according to Tang et al., (2015) it is observed that the determination of the application of posting that is how much and where to apply posting is considered as a very critical choice. However, the main purpose of posting is to manage supination or pronation of the foot. However, Mulligan, (2011) challenged in their article that the effect of posting in the aspect of the functional control is found as influential for the foot in the period of gait. The three types of postings are Rearfoot Posting, Forefoot Posting and Arch Fill. However, it is also found that posting can be extrinsic or intrinsic. The intrinsic are on positive cast while the extrinsic are on shell. According to (Bousie, 2013) it is also observed that the clinician can use a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic posting at the rearfoot and forefoot in order to manage the supination or pronation of the foot. In rearfoot posting the contact phase is early midstance or heel strike. The Arch Fill is Stance phase midstance. On the other hand, the contact phase of forefoot posting is propulsion phase, Toe Off/ FF load. The use of supramalleolar orthosis (SMO) After studying supramalleolar orthosis (SMO) it can be said that SMO could be used to normalize excessive subtalar eversion as well as midtarsal dorsiflexion throughout the stance phase of gait associated with distal hypotonia. According to AAA SMO (supramalleolar orthosis), like other orthosis is named after the body part for which the SMO (supramalleolar orthosis) encompasses. The SMO is used to support the part of the leg, which is just above the malleoli or anklebones. On the other hand, Carmick, (2012), opined that SMO could be recognized as the shortest of the AFOs (Ankle Foot Orthoses). From researches, it is found that SMO is designed in order to maintain a neutral heel or a vertical heel. In the mean time, SMO is helpful to support three arches of the feet. Therefore, it can be said that the use of SMO could be used to normalize excessive subtalar eversion as well as midtarsal dorsiflexion. However, it is also found from the studies that SMOs are mainly given to the children to help them from excessive subtalar eversion (Looper Ulrich, 2010). The flat foot is known in different terms such as pes planus, pronated foot, hyper-pronated feet, hyper-pronated feet and pes plano-valgus. Although the midt arsal dorsiflexion can occur in the adult people, doctors mostly prescribe SMO for the children. According to the researchers, SMO is helpful to distribute the pressure points in the contact period, therefore significantly helpful for the subtalar, mid-foot and forefoot instability. However, SMO is not recommended for extension instability or knee flexion. Selection of the device, which theoretically offers the highest degree of subtalar control After studying all four devices, such as SMO (supramalleolar orthosis), CCO (crouch control orthosis), SAFO (solid ankle-foot orthosis) and AAFO (articulated ankle-foot orthosis), it can be said that CCO (crouch control orthosis) is the best device, which theoretically offers the highest degree of subtalar. From the study, it is found that the application of the CCO includes active functions. CCOs are considered as the lower leg orthosis, which is a solid as well as articulating device. The device is especially designed to discourage, prevent or resist the excessive, knee flexion, hip flexion and dorsiflexion of crouch gait (Mulligan, 2011). Therefore, it is considered as the specialized for the active function. It is also found that solid CCO is showed satisfactory solution in most of the cases related to the children. According to the Jastifer et al., (2015), CCO is a modified device, which is better than the AAFOs or SAFOs. The CCOs have a long and rigid foot lever, which prolongs the usual midstance knee extension moment and helpful to prevent metatarsophalangeal extension. Although the reduction of the foot lever may cause alleviation of few problems but proved as extensively helpful in order to compromise the ground reaction capability of the device. It is also found that CCOblock the dorsiflexion mechanically at the TCJ in a significant degree. Secondly, it is also recognized that rigid and long foot and shank sections are useful to magnify the normal knee extension during midstance. This facility is not available in the other devices. Prescription of an AAFO with free, assisted dorsiflexion and restricted plantar flexion is helpful to facilitate- Prescription of AAFO with free, assisted dorsiflexion and restricted plantar flexion would seem most appropriate in order to facilitate gradual improvement in dorsiflexion range among children with spasticity and mild fixed equines contracture. From researches it is found that, the various functions of the AAFOs (Articulated Ankle-Foot Orthosis) include active function as well as active deformity management. The ankle articulation is generally used as more functional alternative than the basic SAFO design. The AAFO (Articulated Ankle-Foot Orthosis) provide a high level of forefoot joint control as well as the control of TCJ, STJ and MTJ. According to Yamamoto et al., (2011), the AAFO is designed to promote the normalize motion by using three ankle rockers. Although it is also recognized that a greater strength as well as muscle control are also needed from the patient who is using AAFO (Articulated Ankle-Foot Orthosis) than other solid devices. According to researchers, it also found that in order to deformity management in night splints the AAFO is designed in a better way, which is now commercially available in the market. This commercially available AAFO (Articulated Ankle-Foot Orthosis) device incorporates a basic hinge at the ankle (Dubin, 2014). This device also offers a band-connecting shaft, which is stretchable as well as foot sections. According to the clinicians, this commercially available designed AAFO (Articulated Ankle-Foot Orthosis) is very effective for the patients with dorsiflexion, especially the children. This device is especially designed with dorsiflexion-assist articulation, which is consists of 100 planter flexion stop as well as unrestricted dorsiflexion. The ground reaction of AFOs are utilized for children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Summarization of evidences, which are presented by Rogozinski et al., (2009). From different researches, it is found that the clinicians mostly prescribe ankle-foot orthosis for the children, who are suffering from cerebral palsy. The patients who are recommended for AFOs foud to walk with severe ankle dorsiflexion as well as suffering from vigorous knee flexion in the period of the stance phase of gait. The AFO is used as more functional alternative than the basic SAFO design. The AFO provide a high level of forefoot joint control as well as the control of TCJ, STJ and MTJ. Therefore, AFOs are helpful to use for the children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Rogozinski et al., (2009) showed in their research the efficacy of the Floor-Reaction AFO (Ankle-Foot Orthosis) in the children who are suffering from Cerebral Palsy. In this research, the reaserchers assessed all the children who are diagnosed for cerebral palsy in two conditions, such as braced walking and bare footed. In addition, they also examined the minimum sagittal knee moment in midstance for those who walked without assistive devices. After analyzing the result the researchers managed to conclude that the floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis is effective in the aspect of restricting plane ankle motion for the gait patient, who are diagnose for cerebral palsy in the time of stance phase (Rogozinski et al., 2009). According to the findings, hip as well as knee flexion contractures of 15 were considered as the limit of orthosis efficacy in the context of controlling knee extension during midstance (Rogozinski et al., 2009). It is also found that the researchers level of evidence s of their research as Therapeutic level III. a) Effect of Botulinum A (BOTOX) One of the most common drug in the treatment of spasticity among the children is Botulinum A (BOTOX). According to the researchers, BOTOX is generally injected in the muscle to block the connection between muscles and nerves (Hoare et al., 2010). The effect of BOTOX (one dose) lasts for 3-6 months in case of treating muscle spasms. However, it is also found that the researchers are not sure that the use of BOTOX is as safe as to treat spasticity in upper-limb muscles than those in fingers, elbow or lower-limb. In addition, another drawback of using BOTOX is, if it spread in other limbs other than with spasticity, it may cause severe side effects. b) Intrathecal Baclofen pump An ITB (intrathecal baclofen) is considered as the drug delivery system in order to muscle spasticity. ITB is directly administrated (injected) in the spinal fluid (intrathecally). Therefore, it is observed that lower dose of ITB can work better than other drugs, which are used to treat muscle spasticity (Borowski et al. 2010). On the other hand, the benefit of using ITB is its use of smaller dose also decreases the risk of side effects like drowsiness. ITB may be helpful to reduce dystonia and muscle spasticity but it is not helpful to reduce other problems, which are associated with cerebral palsy. c) Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy According to the researchers, use of Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR) is the best way to treat muscle spasticity, which is even proved as better than orthopedic surgery (Kwon et al., 2012). In SDR procedure, the neurosurgeons, remove the lamina from 5-7 vertebrae. This technique is vastly used on the children with spastic cerebral palsy. This technique is useful to the reduction of hip flexor spasticity and the risk of developing spinal deformities. However, the process is complicated have risks in surgery. a) Adductor lengthening According to the researchers, these types of muscles get rigid due to muscle spasticity (Schwartz et al., 2013). The surgery is needed to various reasons, such as to help child with dislocation heap, helping child facing trouble with walking due to scissoring and thirdly lengthening the muscles so that the child can spread legs apart. The surgery involves the gracilis muscles and adductor longus, which are located at the groin. In this treatment, doctors cut down these muscles completely and allow retracting the muscles. If the contracture is excessive then it is observed that the adductor brevis is also lengthened. The sergeants also cut the obturator nerve partially (anterior branches) to weaken these muscles (Hage et al., 2010). After surgery the child experience immense pain, though pain killer is administrated. The doctors do not apply casting, which help the child to move limbs. However, the child needs physical therapy. The parents also went through mental torment but need to have patience. References Bar-On, L., Aertbelin, E., Wambacq, H., Severijns, D., Lambrecht, K., Dan, B., ... Jaspers, E. (2013). A clinical measurement to quantify spasticity in children with cerebral palsy by integration of multidimensional signals.Gait posture,38(1), 141-147. Borowski, A., Littleton, A. G., Borkhuu, B., Presedo, A., Shah, S., Dabney, K. W., ... Miller, F. (2010). Complications of intrathecal baclofen pump therapy in pediatric patients.Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics,30(1), 76-81. Bousie, J. (2013). Foot-orthosis-shoe interactions in cycling. Carmick, J. (2012). Importance of orthotic subtalar alignment for development and gait of children with cerebral palsy.Pediatric Physical Therapy,24(4), 302-307. Dubin, A. (2014). Gait: the role of the ankle and foot in walking.Medical Clinics of North America,98(2), 205-211. El Hage, S., Rachkidi, R., Noun, Z., Haidar, R., Dagher, F., Kharrat, K., Ghanem, I. (2010). Is percutaneous adductor tenotomy as effective and safe as the open procedure?.Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics,30(5), 485-488. Hoare, B. J., Wallen, M. A., Imms, C., Villanueva, E., Rawicki, H. B., Carey, L. (2010). Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy (UPDATE)(Review).Cochrane Database Syst,1, CD003469. Jastifer, J. R., Alrafeek, S., Howard, P., Gustafson, P. A., Coughlin, M. J. (2015). Biomechanical Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Subtalar Joint Arthrodesis Screw Constructs.Foot ankle international, 1071100715619680. Kotwicki, T., Grivas, T. B. (2012).Research Into Spinal Deformities 8(Vol. 176). Ios Press. Kwon, D. R., Park, G. Y., Lee, S. U., Chung, I. (2012). Spastic cerebral palsy in children: dynamic sonoelastographic findings of medial gastrocnemius.Radiology,263(3), 794-801. Looper, J., Ulrich, D. A. (2010). Effect of treadmill training and supramalleolar orthosis use on motor skill development in infants with Down syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.Physical therapy,90(3), 382-390. Mulligan, E. P. (2011). Evaluation and management of ankle syndesmosis injuries.Physical Therapy in Sport,12(2), 57-69. Rogozinski, B. M., Davids, J. R., Davis, R. B., Jameson, G. G., Blackhurst, D. W. (2009). The efficacy of the floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis in children with cerebral palsy.J Bone Joint Surg Am,91(10), 2440-2447. Schwartz, M. H., Rozumalski, A., Truong, W., Novacheck, T. F. (2013). Predicting the outcome of intramuscular psoas lengthening in children with cerebral palsy using preoperative gait data and the random forest algorithm.Gait posture,37(4), 473-479. Tang, S. F. T., Chen, C. H., Wu, C. K., Hong, W. H., Chen, K. J., Chen, C. K. (2015). The effects of total contact insole with forefoot medial posting on rearfoot movement and foot pressure distributions in patients with flexible flatfoot.Clinical neurology and neurosurgery,129, S8-S11. Yamamoto, S., Fuchi, M., Yasui, T. (2011). Change of rocker function in the gait of stroke patients using an ankle foot orthosis with an oil damper: immediate changes and the short-term effects.Prosthetics and orthotics international,35(4), 350-359.

Nobody Like a Copycat free essay sample

Conveniently, while students are completing their research, many subjects have topics that represent their Houghton so perfectly that they can not put it in their own words. And instead of taking the effort to word the information differently or citing references correctly they are in violation of copyright laws, the act known as plagiarism. Professors and faculty members are faced with the need to Stop this unethical behavior by first coming to the realization that plagiarism is a problem in todays academic society and the reasons behind the students behavior and then deciding on the best way to stop plagiarism from getting out of control. The negative impact with the growing trend of plagiarism not only affects he faculty members in todays academic society but the students as well. According to a study conducted by Duke Universitys Center for Academic Integrity (Vincent, Overlord, and Adams, 2006), internet plagiarism has quadrupled in the past six years. The growing amount of information available for students to gain knowledge online is making it harder for professors to check references and possible plagiarism. In a 1999 survey, 10% of students admitted to popularizing off the Internet, that number rose to 41 % in 2001 (Toots, 2004).One could assume that the alarming rate of increase could possibly be due to the students lack of guilt in admitting to plagiarism instead of the overall increase in the amount of plagiarism itself. Whether this assumption is valid or not, the situation at hand is still a growing dilemma and is not committed primarily by the lower-achieving students but the high-achieving students that have the most to gain (Toots, 2004). The deterioration of ethics in the academic world cannot wholly be blamed on the students; fore the administration is responsible for taking actions against these methods. Collegiate studies showed that nearly 88% of faculty embers admitted they observed some form of cheating and that only 32% of those members did anything about the situation (Morales, 2000). Many professors rather have a favorable evaluation from students than to deal with the hassles of trying to prove that a student has committed plagiarism. These hassles include lack of support from the administration and fears of being sued by student who are acquitted of any charges (Morales, 2000). What good is to teach that plagiarism is ethically wrong when the professors who teach this fundamental value will not take the steps to correct the problem?These students who commit plagiarism whether it is from laziness or from not being taught correctly on proper citation are the leaders of the future. A very disturbing thought if one thinks about it. The World Wide Web with its vast and seemingly unlimited resources of knowledge harbor sites that make money for creating ideas and writing research and term papers for students. A student can easily purchase an original essay from Graveside. Com or have experts in India complete computer-programming homework from Orientated. Com (Vincent et al. 2006).With the wide spread use of the Internet throughout the campuses ND the pressures of deadlines on students, especially during then end of term, this booming business of buying and selling of popularized work is being used more often. Students only have to look to search engines such as Google to find sites like Appeasers. Com or Essayists. Com that offer thousands of subjects to relieve some of the pressures of college (Toots, 2004). For one day delivery, for the low price of 324. 95, a student can purchase an original essay including free bibliography and footnotes from schoolbooks. Mom (Mackerel, 2006). This price drops to $14. 95 if one would like three day delivery for their essay. Imagine, students price shopping for their original essays on the internet. I was going to go with Orientated. Com but schoolbooks. Com was offering free footnotes this month. You cant beat an offer like that. What has become of ethics in todays academic society? University of Central England found (McLeod, 2006) that the average student was posting four to seven assignments online to be completed by someone else.The study also discovered that companies, acting as middlemen, were bidding on assignments so that it is harder for students to be found out by faculty members. When your in the black-market or popularized assignments, one cannot be to careful. Sean Currie, a junior from the University of Marquette, Wisconsin was interviewed (Toots, 2004). He states that the reason he uses the products offered online is because Of the pressure to succeed. He goes on to say that, If you get a 4. 0 or a 3. 5, youre going to die old and lonely in a gutter. And in his wisdom he adds that the smartest cheaters do not copy or cut-and-paste but they steal others ideas. With that being said, would it not be scary to find out that he became your stock broker or your lawyer? He represents the voice of todays academic society and tomorrows ethical business man. While students have used the Internet to find various sites to have their assignments cultured for them; professors have an assortment of sites to submit assignments to check for plagiarism. Turning. Com is by far the most widely known web based plagiarism checker available for university faculty to use.The company was created by paradigms in the late 1 asss and represents clients from over 50 countries (Toots, 2004). Turning. Com has billions Of published papers and prior essays written by students to compare against the submitted material (McLeod, 2006). The database will then spot any suspicious information and present the professor with a side-by-side copy of both the submitted paper and the original work found. The professor can then determine if the student copied the information or if the information is just written fairly alike. This side-by-side copy of information is needed when presenting a case of plagiarism to the university administration. Another site available is authenticate. Com, created by John Barrier founder of and CEO of paradigms. authenticate is an offshoot of the Turning. Com technology that the company created and is used by 2,500 universities and gig schools nationwide (Berger, 2004). Clients of authenticate can be expected to pay a base fee of $1 ,OHO plus additional fees for every 500 words submitted. Mudroom. Com is also a plagiarism detection seems that was made available in the fall of 2003.Annual fees for this service range from $5,000 to $1 5,000 (Berger, 2004). Turn-around time for results through Mudroom is 12 to 24 hours. While many universities and newspaper companies use these anti-plagiarism sites there are those people in society that feel that the use of these sites are themselves using unethical behavior. Peter Levin, of the London School of Economics states (McLeod, 2006), Ironically, Turning is taking millions Of previously submitted papers, in each of which the copyright resides with the student author, and C without the freely given consent of the author C] using them to make money. Although the sites are not violating any copyright laws, the thought of a legitimate business making money off of the writings of others without consent could be questionable. Without these sites, teachers would be facing an unbearable amount of research to verify every students written paper s. Whether or not sing the plagiarism sites is thought of by some as unethical the alternative of not using them would be to ultimately let those already popularizing and many more to get away with it unchecked.With the rise of plagiarism in the academic society the university faculty and administrative body need to come up with ideas to keep plagiarism at bay. Some universities require all [plagiarism] cases to be reported to special committees while other universities tend to let the teacher deal with the offending student (Toots, 2004). Universities have to lay down rules and punishments for any academic conducts and be willing to follow through with their policies. Students and faculty members should be presented with a Code of Ethics that goes into detail of what is considered plagiarism and the punishments if one is caught.The teacher should not have to be the ones to carry out the investigations or hand out the punishments. Professors should also not be criticized or dismissed w hen they come to the school administration with a case of plagiarism. The school administration should conduct a formal investigation on the said student showing proof of innocence or guilt before coming to the punishment of the offense. Plagiarism should be considered a severe offense and thus have severe punishments according to the offense made.Minor offenses could be that the student did not site information obtained correctly or bits and pieces of information has been cut and pasted into the paper. The extreme offenses of plagiarism would include those students who cheat for their grade by coping papers written by others or buying their assignments through the Web. Various punishments for these said offences could mean: formal counseling from the administration; documentation of the offence to be placed in the students file; loss of credit for the assignment r the entire class; suspension; and/or expulsion.Professors should try to create a learning environment that prevents plagiarism from becoming a problem. The students should be taught thoroug hly on citing information and referencing material during writing so that simple mistakes of citing are not an issue. Assignments could be designed to have the students reflect on their own progress, or draw on personal experience. (McLeod, 2006) Doing so would make plagiarism harder because every student has different experiences that he or she can relate to for any given idea.Another idea to press plagiarism is to have the student discuss the material in class, like an oral exam (McLeod, 2006). If the student has to verbally explain the assignment and how one came to that conclusion then the student will have to have an understanding of the information being discussed. Other ideas are to have the students complete the assignment in stages (Puke, 2005). An example would be for the professor to have the outline, rough draft, and the final copy presented for credit. This proves a work in progress that would eliminate the possibility that the student purchased his or her assignment through a paper mill.

Use Our Free 20 Sample Topics of Compare and Contrast Essay

When you get assigned to compare and contrast essay, it means that your professor wants to check how well you can identify and analyze similarities or differences between two separate objects. But why exactly should you be able to do that? Well, the thing is that this is a basic skill that you will use not only in all other academic papers but throughout your whole life. So, brace yourself up because you should make an effort to gain it. In compare and contrast essays it is essential to structure the text properly, write a decent introduction and conclusion as well as construct believable arguments supported by solid evidence. However, the most important thing is to select the most suitable topic for your writing. It’s not that you can just take an apple and orange, and create an academic paper comparing them. What’s the point? You must carry through the process for a greater purpose like understanding better the relationships between things or grasping the connection even if it’s hidden. That’s why you need to pick objects that can be: Compared or contrasted (it may be obvious, but, then, students choose subjects like â€Å"iOS vs. eBook†, and it doesn’t seem that evident anymore). Put into one category (but they must have differences/similarities). Practically the same with slight differences that change the whole picture. If you struggle to develop your own topics, academic writing agency can easily support you. Just send your offer and get qualified help. The topic that conforms to the criteria mentioned above would be a perfect subject for your compare and contrast essay. It is also significant not to be too blatant. The readers will not be interested in the paper that states self-evident claims. So, you need to uncover hidden messages and almost unnoticeable similarities or differences. To help you with the selection, we’ve compiled a list of sample compare and contrast essay topics that will put you in the right mood and inspire to come up with decent writing. 1) The Changes in Mentality of College Students Who Work While Studying vs. Regular Learners 2) Singapore English vs. British English: Will the Speakers Understand Each Other? 3) The Similarities between Employment and Education 4) Which Test Opens More Doors: IELTS or TOEFL? 5) Competency-Based Learning vs. Accelerated Bachelor Degrees 6) What Are the Differences between Nazism and Fascism and Why Do People Mix Them up so Often? 7) The Effects on Organism of Caffeine from Coffee vs. Green Tea 8) The Productivity of Students During the Day vs. at Night: What Is the Main Game Changer? 9) The Difference between Anxiety and Depression Symptoms 10) Female vs. Male Gender Discrimination in Different Workplaces 11) Why Are Fans Usually More Satisfied with Books than Their Screen Adaptations? 12) What Is the Difference between Using Skype and Slack, and Why Do Corporations More Often Choose the Latter? 13) Online vs. Offline Advertising: Which Industries Prefer Real Printing over Digital Promotion? 14) Why Choose Forbes over New Your Times and Vice Versa 15) How the Hunger Games Story Is Similar to Divergent and Maze Runner 16) What is Healthier: Cooking in the Oven or Microwave? 17) What Changed During the Second Visit to the Moon Comparing to the First One? 18) Why Teenagers Perceive Anorexia with Obesity as Eating Disorders of Different Severity 19) The Unexpected Connection between Julius Caesar and Edward Snowden 20) The Differences between Oprah Winfrey and Ellen DeGeneres in Strategies of Hosting a Talk Show We hope that you will use these sample topics to get inspired and invent your own creative title that will go to the standards of compare and contrast writing. Impress your professors and develop your skills together with us!

Theodore free essay sample

Theodore Gericault turned a tragic event, into a visual display of government incompetence. In 1816, the French government exercised poor Judgment, by authorizing the unstable Medusa to set sail. The vessel crashed; leaving survivors to turn to cannibalistic means of survival. Gericault captured the tragedy, titled The Raft of the Medusa in Romantic style, long with compositional structure. The lifelike fgures in the painting show detailed anguish and grief; which, invokes despair in those who view it. The use of light and shade emphasizes drama throughout the painting. along with compositional structure. The lifelike figures in the painting show detailed

How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change

How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change Introduction China is known for its historically authoritarian political system. Nonetheless, this has not stopped them from emerging as one of the greatest national economic powers. The twentieth century was dominated by United States as the best economy but this has changed in 21st century where China is set to lead the pack of emerging economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China’s situation is unique given that most powerful states draw such powers from wealth. The recent protest that was observed in Tiananmen Square conveys political repression in china as youths seek change but the government is unlikely to grant this that easily. China’s political system, which has been largely regarded as communist and undemocratic, has allowed continuity as well as change. In addi tion, its religious system has been quite instrumental in its continuity. The balance of dynamism and conservatism has ensured continuity in China. Its founder Qin Shi Huangdi who failed to establish immortality is regarded as the founding father of China’s political system as well as the world’s oldest civilization. The country is currently facing globalization and change is eminent although it is hard to come by, considering the government’s effort to ensure continuity of their ideological systems. This paper will endeavor to explore the manner in which political, religious and ideological systems of China have enabled continuity and change (Sirgo, Gleason, and Tarver 1) History of China China is regarded as one of the oldest of Civilizations in the world. Its ancient civilization extends throughout East Asia. Its civilization is estimated to have started over 4000 years ago. Its societies and economies were the best in the world before 19th century. However, they missed industrialization that took shape in 19th century leading to their decline. This was mainly because of the dynasties that ruled China, imperialism, civil wars as well as internal weakness. The country’s turmoil resulted into two states that still called themselves China. These were, Republic of China (ROC) and People’s Republic of China (PRC). The former was established in 1912 in the mainland and is currently known as Taiwan while the latter was established in 1949 and takes control of the mainland from Taiwan. Taiwan now controls the islands such as Taiwan, Matsu, Pratas, Kinmen, among other outlying islands.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People’s Republic of China (PRC) remains the largest and controls the self-governing states of Macau and Hong Kong. Hong Kong was liberated to govern itself in 1997 while Macau in 1999 (U.S. Department of St ate 1). Taiwan changed its economic policies in 1950s that enabled it to be industrialized. This transformed its economy resulting in high growth and development. These changes were embraced later by the PRC, in the 70s, in which they made the famous Four Modernizations that aimed to improve agriculture, defense, technology as well as its industries. These changes led to modernization in China as it transformed into an economic giant, in the process raising their living standards. PRC has since become a powerful economic power in the world, challenging the likes of United States and traditionally known economic powers like European Union in the 21st century. The country’s culture has spread throughout the region and acquired by its neighboring countries like Japan. China is also regarded as a source of inventions and innovations throughout its history. Its language systems were the first to be written in the world. It has also been a site for archeological research as they st udy the remains of Homo erectus estimated to have lived there over 300000 years ago. China face modern challenges as other nations, the main concerns include widespread corruption, degradation of the environment as well as the increasing gap between the poor and the rich (U.S. Department of State 1). China’s political system Government China is controlled by Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is authoritarian in both ideology and structure. This has not been easy because of the diverse nature of the country in geography and social circles. They have been restricted to building consensus in most issues with other parties, influential people, regional leaders as well as the Chinese population at large. The party has a membership of over 76 Million and dominates Chinese government. Their influences have always prevailed, except in economic issues in which external influences from non-party members and organizations have prevailed.Advertising We will write a custom essa y sample on How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other essential issues of culture and economy, the committees ensure that they are followed in accordance with the party’s guidance. The coastal regions usually offer great challenges to the party since their growth is rapid (U.S. Department of State 1). Legal System After the famous Chinese Cultural Revolution, the government opted to emphasize on enforcing the rule of law. This was done through the new state constitution, which was adopted in 1982. Great focus was placed on taming tyrannical rulers, who could be held responsible in the new law. Over 300 laws, most of which aimed at economic reforms have been adopted in China since 1979. This showed their efforts to restrain revolutionary leaders who overused powers. Among the innovative ways, include their use of mediation committees to solv e minor criminal cases throughout the country as well as the fact that they are well informed and take responsibility for over 90% of china’s civil cases. These committees are numerous, accounting for more than 800000 committees throughout the country. The country has made numerous reforms on law by professionalizing the whole system. These led to further amendments of criminal laws as citizens got the opportunity to sue officials who happen to abuse office. The latest advancement in China’s constitutional amendment was done in 2004 and it included fundamental human rights as well as ownership of property. These developments are however rarely practiced in some cases, and this negates the gains in handling human rights (U.S. Department of State 1). Human Rights Although changes were made to improve human rights, this has not been adequately accomplished as several human rights abuses occur in China. The year 2009 witnessed continued abuses of human rights with the lega l system being faulted for inadequacy in stemming such abuses. These were observed during the 50th anniversary in honor of Tibetan uprising as well as in the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square. The other high profile human abuse incident happened during celebration of 60th anniversary of PRC. These abuses included detention, executions that did not follow the correct process.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Others included extrajudicial killings, torture, forced confessions as well as severe restriction of basic human rights such as freedom of speech, privacy, religion, association, birth (birth limitation), press, among others. These presents exceedingly hash treatment of citizens as such activities rarely happen in the modern world. Nonetheless, the changes that have been realized by China in its political system have been key components of its continuity and change (U.S. Department of State 1). China’s religious system Chinese lifestyle is greatly influenced by religion. Research and surveys conducted throughout the country in the year 2007 showed that over 30% of Chinese citizens were religious believers (those aged 16 years and above). Restrictions have been placed on religious sectors even though they proclaim freedom of religious belief to all citizens. Buddhism is the most common denomination in China with Chinese news agency Xinhua estimating their number at over 100 mi llion. Other estimates show that over 20 million Chinese are Muslims, and another 20 million Protestants. Catholics are estimated to be over 5 million while there are no statistics for Taoists. More recently, several unofficial religions and unauthorized churches have sprung in China. These have led to widespread harassment by authorities in some parts of the country. Catholic’s loyalty to Vatican also triggers suppression since the government claims that Rome interferes with their internal affairs. It also brands some Christian groups as well as Falun Gong as evil religions thereby suppressing their practice (U.S. Department of State 1). Civilians in china have suffered severe human rights abuses regarding their freedom of worship. This is mainly because China only recognizes five denominations. These recognized religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Protestantism as well as Islam. The country monitors almost everything its citizens engage in, for instance, internet writing, journa lists, political rebels as well as religious activists. This does not leave non-governmental organization as their activities are monitored as well. The religious sectors that are recognized by the country are also monitored, in essence, regulating worship and religious groups. This is abuse of human rights to freedom of religion as they intimidate and harass any individual or groups that seek to worship through other denominations apart from the named. This way, the country is able to control its people from diverse ideas that they fear may lead to its disintegration. Unregistered religious groups are outlawed and are likely to cause detention, harassment or intimidation (U.S. Department of State 1). The United States has labeled China as a country with specific concerns as it restricts religious freedom. The country does not allow any spiritual movements that counter its five registered denominations. This amounts to severe abuse of human rights and religious freedom. The countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s significant economic growth has led to improved lives. This has contributed to social mobility as people look for jobs, join institutions of higher learning throughout the country and abroad, in the process expanding the limits of personal freedom. Increased mobility has expanded freedom of travel, association, cultural mix, educational pursuit and access to information through the internet among other ways. Other freedoms achieved through economic developments include freedom to employment, personal choices and social interactions. These have enabled spread of religious practices throughout the country, effecting a gradual change in religious awareness. China’s religious system has therefore contributed to its continuity as well as change, although at a slower pace compared to political and ideological systems (Singh 1). China’s ideological system Chinese Communist Party The communist party CCP is authoritarian in its ideologies and enforces them on Chinese c itizens. Since CCP is a communist party, their structures are based on communism, focusing more on establishing and maintaining cultural values. To achieve this, they have a well-organized members committee that ensures these regulations are followed. The strong economic reforms that were implemented by PRC, in the 1970s, in which they made the famous Four Modernizations aimed at improving agriculture, defense, technology as well as its industries worked to propel china to their present position as an economic powerhouse. In these reforms, they adopted a pragmatic approach to several socioeconomic and political problems. They also managed to reduce the role played by ideology in their system to spur further economic growth. The strong ideology that founded China had to be slowed after 1978 to allow for economic growth, which had already started in Taiwan (U.S. Department of State 1). How these systems have allowed for both continuity and change Political system China’s politi cal system has an authoritarian communist party with communist ideologies in its structures, putting more effort on maintaining sociocultural issues. The government was known for its authoritarian stand on legal system. However, this had to change, as dealing with diverse communities from a central location (Beijing) became reasonably difficult. Influence from the international community as well as rise of Taiwan through economic reforms. Reforms in China’s legal system have expanded limits of freedom as basic human rights. They have also done a series of amendments to their constitution to allow for professionalization of judges, lawyers as well as accountability of office bearers. These changes have enabled China’s economic growth as well as expanded freedom. In this regard, the system allowed for change and continuity (Fenby 1). Religious system It is estimated that over 30% of Chinese are believers, meaning that religion makes a great influence on the country. The government only recognizes five denominations in the country. In addition, it monitors as well as regulates these denominations, and in the process suppresses any spiritual or religious groups that they feel are not patriotic. These include their rivalry with Vatican, which they accuse of interfering with Chinese internal affairs. In recent times, various crops of religious groups have sprung throughout the country, influencing social and cultural changes. Religious systems have therefore contributed greatly to change and continuity in China. Ideological system China has assumed new approach to numerous political hitches. They also managed to reduce the role played by ideology in their system to spur further economic growth. The strong ideology that founded China had to be slowed after 1978 to allow for economic growth, which had already started in Taiwan. This shows their soft stance on the formerly aggressive ideologies that structured its foundation. Reduction in ideological syst ems have enhanced changes and spurred economic growth (Xiaowen 1). Conclusion China’s political, religious and ideological systems have contributed greatly to continuity and change. Their society is among the first to be established in the world. They have also managed to make changes in their policies. These policies have mainly targeted the law system, which was professionalized, the four modernizations that included agricultural improvement, industrial, defense as well as technology. The twentieth century was dominated by United States as the best economy but this has changed in 21st century where China is set to lead the pack of emerging economies. These systems have therefore contributed to China’s continuity in conserving its cultural values as well as change in their legal systems, religious sectors as well as their handling of human rights (Leung 1). Fenby, Jonathan. â€Å"Continuity and Change†. Guardian. 15.11.2007.05.06.2011. guardian.co.uk/commentis free/2007/nov/15/morethantwomillenniaafter Leung, Beatrice. â€Å"Chinas Religious Freedom Policy: The Art of Managing Religious Activity†. The China Quarterly. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=358810 Singh, Swaran. â€Å"Continuity and Change in Chinas Political Elite†. Idsa. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. idsa-india.org/an-nov-3.html Sirgo, Henry., Gleason, Diane and Tarver, Michael. Continuity and Change in the Chinese Political System: Why Consumerism Does Not Translate Into Democracy†. All academic. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/4/1/7/9/p141798_index.html U.S. Department of State. â€Å"Background Note: China†. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 05.08.2010. 05.06.2011. state.gov/ r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm Xiaowen, Ye. â€Å"Chinas Religions Retrospect and Prospect†. china.org. 19.02.2001. 05.06.2011. china.org.cn/english/ features/45466.htm

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The Difference Between Bienvenu and Bienvenue

The Difference Between 'Bienvenu' and 'Bienvenue' Mistakes will always be made in French, and now you can learn from them. When wanting to express Welcome! as a stand-alone phrase, beginners to French will often write  Bienvenu! ​instead of  the correct spelling of Bienvenue! Explanation of Bienvenue vs. Bienvenu Bienvenue used as a greeting is short for je vous souhaite la bienvenue, which literally means I wish you welcome. When saying Welcome! with no verb, you always have to use the feminine:  Bienvenue! Bienvenu with no e is an adjective often used as a noun conforming to a subject. To use this spelling of Bienvenu, the employed sentence needs to have a subject. Because of this, only when using a complete sentence can you say either Soyez le bienvenu or Soyez la bienvenue, according to the gender of the person you are talking to. You can say Soyez les bienvenus if its more than one person. The distinction is confusing and often leads to mistakes. A famous example is that of a sign in Utah that reads: Bienvenu internationale voyageurs. This sentence is wrong on many levels. Because it possesses no subject, the correct spelling would be Bienvenue ending with an e. In this instance, it would also need to be followed by the preposition . On a different but related note, the adjective international should be plural instead of feminine (to agree with voyageurs), and it should follow rather than precede the noun. The apostrophe has no business there either. Better French Greetings for the sign would be: Bienvenue aux voyageurs internationauxVoyageurs internationaux : soyez les bienvenus

The Effects of Social Media in Today's Society Research Paper

The Effects of Social Media in Today's Society - Research Paper Example Anyone with an internet connection can access social networking sites. Since 1975, when the first type of social networking was introduced in the form of Hotmail, social media has come a long way. It has been observed that social networking sites like Facebook and Orkut lead to time wastage, but their benefits cannot be completely ignored. This research paper aims to measure the positive and negative effects of social media on society. Who do social media reach and how can it influence people’s lives? Social media is accessible to anyone who has a simple internet connection at home, office or anywhere in his or her environment. It is reachable to people from all walks of life, from students to business professionals. Websites like MySpace and Bebo help connect friends and family by bringing them under a single platform. Similarly, social networking sites like eBay bring buyers and sellers to exchange commodities between them. In short, social media helps B2B (business to busin ess), B2C (business to consumers) and C2C (consumers to consumers) interact, share information or files, and trade all under a single platform (Hendricks, 2012). Social media influences our life and daily routine in a great many ways depending how we utilize these networking tools. Time is of essence, and this is what it helps save. People find it much easier to go online and read articles and electronic books rather than newspapers or books that are physical in nature. In this fast moving world, people have adapted to the technological development made especially in the last decade. There has been a huge decline in book reading as people have turned to social media to meet their reading needs. Social media is changing the social habit of people. Though eBooks save time, they cause massive exertion and fatigue (Coupland, 2012, p. 103). People find it much easier to shop online than to physically go to shops and malls to make purchases. Social media is changing the way people shop no wadays. Products can be ordered with just a single click and can be delivered right at the doorsteps. Such facilities have made life very convenient for people. However, there are major drawbacks of shopping online. People have become more careful when making purchases. Buyers often complain that the products delivered to them do not match the seller’s description. In some cases, they were charged twice as much as the initial cost. Cybercrimes are on the increase, and many people have reported crimes against identity and credit card thefts (Close, 2012). How social media can change the global climate Social media can change the global climate by making people aware of the rise in global pollution and the damage it is inflicting to the ozone layer. Altogether, about 300 million people use various types of social media and upload around 220,000 videos on YouTube on a diurnal basis. Such is the power of social media, and if these people can be reached with an effective message, then the results could be very successful. Efforts are being made with a simple plan in mind. Most charitable and non-governmental organizations have joined hands for a peaceful revolution against massive pollution. The main idea is to create a community on social networking websites and blogs and try to get as many likes as possible. Frequently posting articles helps educate the readers about the dire consequences of pollution and how the planet can be saved. These articles are read and then shared by readers with their friends and

How a Glorified Vision of an Ideal Family Has Been Exploited Time Term Paper

How a Glorified Vision of an Ideal Family Has Been Exploited Time - Term Paper Example Names and photographs, if possible, arranged in the shape of a tree with branches, signify nature of relationship i.e. genetic or through marriage. Family histories more often recorded in family bibles, help trace relations that may have drifted off and revived them for sentimental and occasionally practical reasons. For instance, in case of proving an inheritance, these family trees are useful in establishing and tracking down relations that may have been lost in the sands of time. At one level, family though may mean a group of individuals bound together by the genetic makeup, at another level, it also stands for national identity. The family tree, an illustration by Norman Rockwell, symbolizes the concept of an American family at a national level. His illustration for the 1959 October edition of Saturday Evening Post cover shows a family tree filled with an array of faces, illustrating the eventful phases of history. The family tree comprising Yankees, Yeomen, Buccaneers, Confederates, Spanish beauties, Puritans and Aristocrats showcases America as a melting pot of cultures. Instead of depicting pilgrims at Plymouth rock as the beginning of American history, Rockwell preferred to illustrate pirates looting European ships carrying treasures, shown by ships from both ends and the coming together of pirates and European aristocrats through marriage (at the base of the family tree). Rockwell chose to depict the Civil War through union and confederate soldiers portraying how diverse elements went into the forming of a new entity instead of using slaves to do so. The presence of mountain man and a tribal woman goes to show how various cultures and tribes were amalgamated into the history eventually giving rise to a broad and a tolerant outlook encasing the 'spirit of America'. However, it is debatable to judge the illustration as a representation of the American entity since it is marked by the absence of Mexican and Asian faces.  

Profit Maximization - An Actual or Theoretical Objective Essay

Profit Maximization - An Actual or Theoretical Objective - Essay Example For example, rice farmed and thrashed by the farmer is sold for a particular value to companies. These companies in turn process the rice, separating quality grains and packing them with their label, thereby increasing the value of rice. The transporters and stores extract their profit by integrating it in the cost of the rice. In the end, the consumer pays a multifold monetary worth for the rice along with comparable value for money. Some organizations tend to get carried away with their profit-making motives, ending up reaping unjustly high profits. Such organizations tend to lose their loyal customers for two major reasons: not being able to provide comparable value for money and with the entry of competition into their market. Profit Maximization is now a general trend, which had earlier been a typical phenomenon for monopolistic competition – where the absence of competition enables these organizations to charge unjustly high prices for their offerings. Hence it is said t hat free competition is the â€Å"invisible hand† for controlling market prices naturally (Smith). When companies are allowed to compete without regulatory interventions like government policies etc, the resultant market provides both buyers and sellers with best opportunities in terms of exchanges. Buyers and sellers benefit alike from the competition. Profit Maximization: Profit Maximization is a basic Economics concept, which implies extracting highest possible profits through production and sales processes. Profit is the difference between total revenue and the total cost. Total revenue implies the total amount an organization receives from business whereas the total cost means the total investment the organization makes to produce and sell the goods and services. At different activity levels, the cost incurred and the revenue earned tend to be different (as shown in the diagram). From: Sparknotes.com The above graph clearly shows varied profitability at different activit y levels. However, the highest profitability is at the point marked â€Å"profit maximization†. At this point, the difference between costs and revenue is the greatest. At all activity levels below and above this point, the profit is lower in comparison with this point. Profit Maximization can be devised through numerous methods. The aforesaid theory is the Total Cost-Total Revenue methodology for determining the profits. Marginal Revenue-Marginal Cost method is also used to determine maximum profitability activity level. However, the base line for both methods is the same – revenue minus cost equals profit. Theoretically, Profit Maximization is often explained as an unethical practice on behalf of business owners, focusing extensively on monetary gains and overlooking other factors. On this note, it is important to remark that profit maximization does not necessary include unethical practices regarding pricing. However, â€Å"it fails to take adequate account of alte rnative desires of the businessmen, for power, leisure, social prestige, and similar non-monetary rewards† (Koplin). Some critics do not agree that Profit Maximization is the underlying objective for business operations since it does not take into account other factors important in the eyes of the investors. Most businesses do not operate for profit reasons only – some businesses like certain blood banks and hospitals work for societal welfare that cannot be weighed in monetary terms. But some critics maintain the importance of Profit Maximizati

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay discusses that successful saturated penetration of a brand in the domestic market always motivates the brand to look forward to the international market. Current picture of global market shows two types of international expansion of successful domestic brands of any country in the World. Marketers from developed countries are looking forward to the emerging markets like India, China, South Korea, South Africa etc and seeking opportunities to expand their business operation there. Brands from emerging markets are trying to step forward to the developed countries like USA, Japan etc to start their business operation there. If we take the example of well known brands such as Samsung and LG, they started business in emerging market and successfully penetrated on the domestic market of South Korea and after that diversified globally in to the developed market like USA and as well as emerging markets like India and China. Indian successful brands like Tata, Bharti Airtel, Lenevo , and Kohinur have achieved some level of success in the global market specially developed markets. Globalisation of any country has opened the door for the domestic Players to diversify in the foreign market and welcome the foreign players to start operation in that country. Earlier, the production giants of developed countries started diversification in the emerging markets of developing countries for low-cost skilled labour, low operation cost, and enough resources i.e. raw materials. US companies like General Electric started operation in China and Coca-Cola started in India and they became successful in these emerging market. Similarly, the evidence of reverse case also there like Tata Steel diversified to Europe and acquired Corus, the so called leading steel giant (Breslin, 2003, p.13-18). Market Selection vs. Market Attractiveness There are plenty of theory and model to analyse the international market selection. Market attractiveness is a measurement scale which qualitative ly measures a market for the demand of a particular product or brand. It always catalyses the market selection process towards a global market. Mostly applicable and effective theory of market selection is PESTLE analysis. It says that business environment of any country depends upon its six major components. These are Political: It represents how the government represents the economy and a certain business i.e. the way of representing and the extent. Political factor of a country represented by certain areas like taxation policy, labour law, trade restrictions, tariffs and govt. stability. So, market attractiveness towards foreign investors will be high if the entire areas of political environment are business-friendly. Economical: Economical factors are influenced and comprised by the economy of a country, and the World economy. These

Demand & Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demand & Supply - Essay Example is because of the fact that there is lack of new houses in Scotland that would be ready for sale and hence the prices of the existing properties are going up. Along with the demand in the housing properties, the demand for housing rental is also increasing simultaneously. The essay looks into the different aspects of demand and supply of housing and how the prices change in responses to the changes in the demand for properties for residence. The first part of the essay makes a general discussion of the theories underlying the demand and supply for a commodity. The later part looks at the various aspects of the theories applied to this article under consideration. Relevant figures have been provided to support the essay. The quantity demanded is the amount of product that the consumers are willing to pay at the market determined price. The law of demand states that as the price of the products increase the demand for the products decreases and when the price of the product decreases the quantity demanded of the product increase, other things remaining constant (Samuelson and ‎ Nordhaus, 2010). This inverse relation between the price and the quantity demanded is shown with the help of the figure below. In the figure it can be seen that when the price of the product is P2 the quantity demanded is Q2. When the price of the product increases to P1 the quantity demanded reduces to Q1. On the other hand when the price decreases to P3 the quantity demanded increases to P3. This proves the inverse relationship. There are several factors that may affect the demand for the product. First of all, the changes in the price of the products may affect the demand for the product as demonstrated in the figure above. This would be a movement along the demand Secondly, if the income of the individuals increase there would be a shift of the demand curve outwards in the price quantity space. This means that the as the income of the individuals increase the quantity demanded would

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay Example for Free

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay Introduction Leadership and motivation traditionally play a very important role in the functioning of organizations. Nowadays, the role of leadership and motivation increases even more significantly because of the growing competition and the increasing significance of human resources for the progress of organizations. In fact, it should be pointed out that leadership and motivation are closely entangled concepts which constitute an important part of the success of an organization. It is obvious that the effective leadership and motivation can contribute to the progress of an organization, while poor leadership and the lack of motivation can weaken the normal functioning of an organization and lead to the crisis within an organization that will naturally affects its performance. In this respect, it is important to underline the fact that leadership and motivation affect considerably the organizational behavior and culture and they define the formation of the effective relationships between the personnel of an organization. In such a situation, it is necessary to fully reveal the significance of leadership and motivation in the current business environment in order to assess adequately perspective of the improvement of the effectiveness of leadership and motivation within an organization. At the same time, the analysis of theoretical framework only, it appears that insufficient for the understanding of the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of an organization. Consequently, it is also necessary to pay a particular attention to the practical aspects of leadership and motivation  that means that it is necessary to analyze some practical examples that could reveal the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of a n organization Review of Literature Motivation and Job Performance * The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). * Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). * Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations try hard to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). * The quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm. Concern for strategic integration, commitment flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employee’s motivation and retention. Financial motivation has become the most concern in today’s organization, and tying to apply Maslow’s basic needs, non-financial aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. * According to Greenberg and Baron (2003, 2000) definition of motivation could be divided into three main parts. The first part looks at arousal that deals with the drive, or energy behind individual (s) action. People turn to be guided by their interest in making a good impression on others, doing interesting work and being successful in what they do. The second part referring to the choice people make and the direction their behavior takes. The last part deals with maintaining behavior clearly defining how long people have to persist at attempting to meet their goals. * Motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation concerns behavior influenced by obtaining external rewards (Hitt, Esser, Marriott, 1992). Praise or positive feedback, money, and the absence of punishment are examples of extrinsic or external rewards (Deci, 1980). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something simply for the pleasure of performing that particular activity (Hagedoorn and Van Yperen, 2003). Examples of intrinsic factors are interesting work, recognition, growth, and achievement. *  Several studies have found there to be a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and job per formance as well as intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction (Linz, 2003). This is significant to firms in todays highly competitive business environment in that intrinsically motivated employees will perform better and, therefore, be more productive, and also because satisfied employees will remain loyal to their organization and feel no pressure or need to move to a different firm. * Deci and Ryan (2000) conducted and replicated an experiment that showed the negative impact of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance. A group of college students were asked to work on an interesting puzzle. Some were paid and some were not paid for the work. The students that were not being paid worked longer on the puzzle and found it more interesting than the students being paid. When the study was brought into a workplace setting, employees felt that their behavior was being controlled in a dehumanizing and alienating manner by the rewards. It was discovered that rewards would seriously decrease an employees motivation to ever perform the task being rewarded, or one similar to it, any time in the future. Another observation of the study was that employees would expect a reward every time the task was to be completed if the reward was offered at one time. Employees would require the reward in order to perform the job and would probably expect the reward to increase in amount. If the rewards were not increased or if they were taken away they actually served as negative reinforcement. * Deci and Ryan (2001), in collaboration with two of their colleagues, conducted a study to examine the effects of performance-contingent rewards on an employees intrinsic motivation. * (Cameron, Deci, Koestner, and Ryan, 2001). These types of rewards are very controlling since these rewards are directly associated with an employees performance of some task. In that respect, performance-contingent rewards undermine intrinsic motivation; however, if the reward given to the employee conveys that the employee has performed on a truly outstanding level, the reward would serve to solidify that employees sense of competence and decrease the negative effect on that employees intrinsic motivation. Also significant in the study was the importance of the interpersonal atmosphere within which the performance-contingent rewards were distributed. * When Cameron et al. (2001) compared the administering of rewards in a controlling climate and in  a non-controlling climate, they discovered that the performance-contingent rewards given in the more controlling interpersonal climate undermined intrinsic motivation. To prevent the decrease in employees intrinsic motivation, the interpersonal climate when distributing performance-contingent rewards should be more supportive. * Vroom (1964) proposes that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it he suggest that motivation leads to efforts and the efforts combined with employees ability together with environment factors which interplay’s resulting to performance. This performance interns lead to various outcomes, each of which has an associated value called Valence. * Adams (1965) on his part suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for high performance. According to him the outcome from job includes; pay recognition, promotion, social relationship and intrinsic reward. To get these rewards various inputs needs to be employed by the employees to the job as time, experience, efforts, education and loyalty.He suggests that, people tend to view their outcomes and inputs as a ratio and then compare these ratios with others and turn to become motivated if this ratio is high. Leadership Effectiveness and Job Performance Leadership, or more specifically effective leadership, is every bit as crucial (if not more so) in African Organizations as it is throughout the world. African organizations are no different from others Worldwide in terms of striving for performance in order to be globally competitive. The South African situation, however, is incredibly complex as many organizations are caught in the middle of a web of authoritarian hierarchies and traditional leadership approaches, as well as bureaucratic hierarchies mixed with modern approaches to leadership * (Grobler, Wà ¤rnich, Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2002). It is argued that effective leadership has a positive influence on the performance of organizations (Maritz, 1995; Bass, 1997; Charlton, 2000). Ultimately it is the performance of many Individuals that culminates in the performance of the organization, or in the achievement of organizational goals. Effective leadership is  instrumental in ensuring organizational performance. * (Cummings and Schwab, 1973; Hellriegel, Jackson, Slocum, Staude, Amos, Klopper, Louw and Oosthuizen, 2004). As a result, many leadership theories have been proposed in the last fifty years which are claimed to have influenced the overall effectiveness of the organizations where they have been employed. In the competitive world business environment it is vital that organisations employ leadership styles that enable organisations to survive in a dynamic environment. * (Maritz, 1995; Bass,1997) Performance has been defined by Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (1999) as the level of an individual’s work achievement after having exerted effort. * Cummings and Schwab (1973) and Whittenand Cameron (1998) believe that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental variables influencing performance primarily through their effect on the individual determinants of performance – ability and motivation. * Behling and McFillen (1996) confirmed the link between high performance and leadership in the United States by developing a model of charismatic/transformational leadership where the leaders’ behaviour is said to give rise to inspiration, awe and empowerment in his subordinates, resulting in exceptionally high effort, exceptionally high commitment and willingness to take risks. It has been widely accepted that effective organizations require effective leadership, and organizational performance will suffer in direct proportion to the neglect of this (Maritz, 1995; Ristow, Amos and Staude, 1999).